Use of colorectal stents has increased dramatically over the last decades. Colorectal stents offer an alternative way to relieve fatal intestinal obstruction and can take place of emergency surgery, which associated with significant morbidity and mortality and a high incidence of stoma creation, to elective resection. Although there remain a few concerns regarding the use of stents as a bridge to surgical resection, use of self-expandable metallic stents for palliation in patients with unresectable disease has come to be generally accepted. Advantages of colorectal stents include acute restoration of luminal patency and allowance of time for proper staging and surgical optimization, and the well-known disadvantages are procedure-related complications including perforation, migration, and stent failure. General indications, procedures, and clinical outcomes as well as recent evidences regarding the use of colorectal stents will be discussed in this review.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Palliative procedures for advanced obstructive colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Bingqing Ma, Tianxing Ren, Chengjun Cai, Biao Chen, Jinxiang Zhang
  International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Manufacturing, Processing, and Characterization of Self-Expanding Metallic Stents: A Comprehensive Review
  Saeedeh Vanaei, Mahdi Hashemi, Atefeh Solouk, Mohsen Asghari Ilani, Omid Amili, Mohamed Samir Hefzy, Yuan Tang, Mohammad Elahinia
  Bioengineering.2024; 11(10): 983.     CrossRef
• Colonic Stent as Bridge to Surgery for Malignant Obstruction Induces Gene Expressional Changes Associated with a More Aggressive Tumor Phenotype
  Malene Broholm, Thea Helene Degett, Sara Furbo, Anne-Marie Kanstrup Fiehn, Mustafa Bulut, Thomas Litman, Jens Ole Eriksen, Jesper T. Troelsen, Lise Mette Rahbek Gjerdrum, Ismail Gögenur
  Annals of Surgical Oncology.2021; 28(13): 8519.     CrossRef
• Outcomes of stent insertion and mortality in obstructive stage IV colorectal cancer patients through 10 year duration
  Yong Eun Park, Yehyun Park, Soo Jung Park, Jae Hee Cheon, Won Ho Kim, Tae Il Kim
  Surgical Endoscopy.2019; 33(4): 1225.     CrossRef
• Drug-eluting non-vascular stents for localised drug targeting in obstructive gastrointestinal cancers
  Mohammad Arafat, Paris Fouladian, Anton Blencowe, Hugo Albrecht, Yunmei Song, Sanjay Garg
  Journal of Controlled Release.2019; 308: 209.     CrossRef
• Endoscopic stenting of malignant, benign and iatrogenic colorectal disorders: a primer for radiologists
  Massimo Tonolini, Emilia Bareggi, Raffaele Salerno
  Insights into Imaging.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparison of through-the-scope stent insertion with standard stent insertion for the management of malignant colorectal obstruction: a prospective study
  Y. Wan, Y.-Q. Zhu, N.-W. Chen, Z.-G. Wang, Y.-S. Cheng, J. Shi
  Techniques in Coloproctology.2016; 20(10): 707.     CrossRef
• Simulated training in colonoscopic stenting of colonic strictures: validation of a cadaver model
  F. Iordache, J. C. Bucobo, D. Devlin, K. You, R. Bergamaschi
  Colorectal Disease.2015; 17(7): 627.     CrossRef
• Surgical failure after colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery
  Jung Ho Kim
  World Journal of Gastroenterology.2014; 20(33): 11826.     CrossRef
• Endoscopic stenting for recurrence-related colorectal anastomotic site obstruction: Preliminary experience
  Jung Ho Kim
  World Journal of Gastroenterology.2014; 20(38): 13936.     CrossRef

In colonoscopic study, benign colorectal strictures with or without symptomatic pain are not rarely encountered. Benign colorectal stricture can be caused by a number of problems, such as anastomotic stricture after surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, postendoscopic submucosal dissection, diverticular disease, ischemic colitis, and so on. There are various modalities for the management of benign colorectal stricture. Endoscopic balloon dilatation is generally considered as the primary treatment for benign colorectal stricture. In refractory benign colorectal strictures, several treatment sessions of balloon dilatation are needed for successful dilatation. The self-expandable metal stent and many combined techniques are performed at present. However, there is no specific algorithmic modality for refractory benign colorectal strictures.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• The use of self-expanding metallic stents in the management of benign colonic obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Armin Fardanesh, Jayan George, Daniel Hughes, Stavroula Stavropoulou-Tatla, Pawan Mathur
  Techniques in Coloproctology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Endoscopic removal of lumen-apposing metal stents – risk factors for stent embedment, complex removals, and adverse events: analysis from a multicenter prospective case series
  Sergio Bazaga, Francisco Javier García-Alonso, Jose Ramon Aparicio Tormo, Belen Martinez Moreno, Vicente Sanchiz, Carles Suria, Albert Garcia-Sumalla, Joan B. Gornals, Carlos Chavarría, Carme Loras, Francisco Jose García-Fernandez, Álvaro Terán, Enrique V
  Endoscopy.2023; 55(07): 591.     CrossRef
• Comparison of the Efficacy of Endoscopic Radial Incision and Cutting Procedure and Endoscopic Balloon Dilatation for Benign Anastomotic Stricture after Low Anterior Resection Combined with Preventive Loop Ileostomy in Rectal Cancer
  Shijie Wang, Jinliang Wan, Zhiming Li, Chenyan Long, Renyi Zhang, Yaxin Luo, Zelong Han, Jun Yan
  Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Endoscopic Management of Luminal Strictures: Beyond Dilation
  Nader D. Daoud, Hassan Ghoz, Obaie Mzaik, Himesh B. Zaver, Micah McKinney, Bhaumik Brahmbhatt, Timothy Woodward
  Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2022; 67(5): 1480.     CrossRef
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Lack of Benign Anastomosis of Colorectal Cancer
  豪原 秦
  Advances in Clinical Medicine.2022; 12(05): 3770.     CrossRef
• State-of-the-art surgery for Crohn’s disease: Part II—colonic Crohn’s disease and associated neoplasms
  Anne Macleod, Sandra L. Kavalukas, Katharina M. Scheurlen, Susan Galandiuk
  Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2022; 407(7): 2595.     CrossRef
• Clinical efficacy of endoscopic dilation combined with bleomycin injection for benign anastomotic stricture after rectal surgery
  Xin Miao, Li Liu, Xiang Wang, Zhining Fan, Lin Miao, Jiankun Wang
  Medicine.2022; 101(33): e30036.     CrossRef
• Advances in Imaging of Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Cancer in the Gastrointestinal Tract
  Kylene M. Harold, William M. MacCuaig, Jennifer Holter-Charkabarty, Kirsten Williams, Kaitlyn Hill, Alex X. Arreola, Malika Sekhri, Steven Carter, Jorge Gomez-Gutierrez, George Salem, Girish Mishra, Lacey R. McNally
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(24): 16109.     CrossRef
• Minimally Invasive Treatment of a Completely Obstructed Rectal Anastomosis by Using a Transanal Plasmakinetic Resectoscope: a Case Report and Review of Literature
  Na Wang, Daguang Wang, Weihua Tong, Jinguo Wang
  Indian Journal of Surgery.2021; 83(5): 1127.     CrossRef
• A Novel Approach to Dilation of Complete Colorectal Anastomotic Stricture Using Transillumination
  Umair M. Nasir, Brandon Rodgers, Catherine Choi, Dayna Panchal, Qasim Salimi, Sushil Ahlawat
  ACG Case Reports Journal.2020; 7(7): e00418.     CrossRef
• Uncovered self-expandable metal stents for the treatment of refractory benign colorectal anastomotic stricture
  Ji Taek Hong, Tae Jun Kim, Sung Noh Hong, Young-Ho Kim, Dong Kyung Chang, Eun Ran Kim
  Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Biodegradable stent insertion for ischaemic colorectal strictures: Tiger country
  Pavan Singh Najran, Damian Mullan, Hans-Ulrich Laasch
  International Journal of Gastrointestinal Intervention.2017; 6(2): 145.     CrossRef
• The Problem of Anastomotic Stricture After Rectosigmoid Resection in Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis
  Vincent Anaf, Sashka Gocevska, Olivier Lemoine, Issam El Nakadi, Alexis Buggenhout, Marc Zalcman, Jean-Christophe Noël
  Journal of Gynecologic Surgery.2016; 32(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Transanal anorectal stricturoplasty using the Heineke–Mikulicz principle: a novel technique
  S. W. Lee, R. Niec, N. Melnitchouk, T. Samdani
  Colorectal Disease.2016; 18(1): 101.     CrossRef
• Stents for colorectal obstruction: Past, present, and future
  Eui Joo Kim
  World Journal of Gastroenterology.2016; 22(2): 842.     CrossRef
• Intestinal Stricture in Crohn's Disease
  Chen-Wang Chang, Jau-Min Wong, Chien-Chih Tung, I-Lun Shih, Horng-Yuan Wang, Shu-Chen Wei
  Intestinal Research.2015; 13(1): 19.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of the intestinal blood flow near the rectosigmoid junction using the indocyanine green fluorescence method in a colorectal cancer surgery
  Jun Watanabe, Mitsuyoshi Ota, Yusuke Suwa, Shinsuke Suzuki, Hirokazu Suwa, Masasi Momiyama, Atsushi Ishibe, Kazuteru Watanabe, Hidenobu Masui, Kaoru Nagahori, Yasushi Ichikawa, Itaru Endo
  International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2015; 30(3): 329.     CrossRef
• Endoscopic stenting for recurrence-related colorectal anastomotic site obstruction: Preliminary experience
  Jung Ho Kim
  World Journal of Gastroenterology.2014; 20(38): 13936.     CrossRef

With the increasing interest in endoscopy and the rising number of endoscopic examinations in hospitals, the importance of endoscopic reprocessing is also increasing. Cure facilities that are understaffed and ill-equipped are trying to cope with the problems of insufficient cleaning and high infection risks. To prevent endoscopy-associated infection, the endoscope cleaning, and disinfection guidelines prepared by the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy must be followed. In this review, the steps of endoscopic reprocessing and the equipments required in each step are discussed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• An Analysis of the Contaminants on Otoscopes of Otolaryngology Residents: An Observational Study
  Rajesh Radhakrishna Havaldar, Manjula A Vagarali, Basavaraj P Belaldavar, Aditya Achyut Redkar, Prakriti Boral
  Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery.2024; 76(4): 3386.     CrossRef
• Endoscopy's Current Carbon Footprint
  Keith Siau, Bu'Hussain Hayee, Swapna Gayam
  Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2021; 23(4): 344.     CrossRef
• Experimental Study to Develop a Method for Improving Sample Collection to Monitor Laryngoscopes after Reprocessing
  Savina Ditommaso, Monica Giacomuzzi, Elisa Ricciardi, Carla Zotti
  Clinical Endoscopy.2018; 51(5): 463.     CrossRef
• Education and Training Guidelines for the Board of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
  Hee Seok Moon, Eun Kwang Choi, Ji Hyun Seo, Jeong Seop Moon, Ho June Song, Kyoung Oh Kim, Jong Jin Hyun, Sung Kwan Shin, Beom Jae Lee, Sang Heon Lee
  Clinical Endoscopy.2017; 50(4): 345.     CrossRef
• Endoscope Reprocessing: Update on Controversial Issues
  Hyun Ho Choi, Young-Seok Cho
  Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(5): 356.     CrossRef
• Recent Update on Microbiological Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Endoscopes after High-Level Disinfection
  Suk Pyo Shin, Won Hee Kim
  Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(5): 369.     CrossRef
• Role of Clinical Endoscopy in Emphasizing Endoscope Disinfection
  Ji Kon Ryu, Eun Young Kim, Kwang An Kwon, Il Ju Choi, Ki Baik Hahm
  Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(5): 351.     CrossRef
• Current Status of Endoscope Reprocessing in Korea
  Young-Seok Cho
  Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Introduction to Starting Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Proper Insertion, Complete Observation, and Appropriate Photographing
  Kyung Sik Park
  Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(4): 279.     CrossRef
• High-level disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing
  King-Wah Chiu
  World Journal of Experimental Medicine.2015; 5(1): 33.     CrossRef
• Highlights of the 48th Seminar of Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
  Kwang An Kwon, Il Ju Choi, Eun Young Kim, Seok Ho Dong, Ki Baik Hahm
  Clinical Endoscopy.2013; 46(3): 203.     CrossRef