Clinical Endoscopy

E-learning system to improve the endoscopic diagnosis of early gastric cancer: Kenshi Yao, Takashi Yao, Noriya Uedo, Hisashi Doyama, Hideki Ishikawa, Satoshi Nimura, Yuichi Takahashi; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):283-292. Published online August 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.087

We developed three e-learning systems for endoscopists to acquire the necessary skills to improve the diagnosis of early gastric cancer (EGC) and demonstrated their usefulness using randomized controlled trials. The subjects of the three e-learning systems were “detection”, “characterization”, and “preoperative assessment”. The contents of each e-learning system included “technique”, “knowledge”, and “obtaining experience”. All e-learning systems proved useful for endoscopists to learn how to diagnose EGC. Lecture videos describing “the technique” and “the knowledge” can be beneficial. In addition, repeating 100 self-study cases allows learners to gain “experience” and improve their diagnostic skills further. Web-based e-learning systems have more advantages than other teaching methods because the number of participants is unlimited. Histopathological diagnosis is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Therefore, we developed a comprehensive diagnostic algorithm to standardize the histopathological diagnosis of gastric cancer. Once we have successfully shown that this algorithm is helpful for the accurate histopathological diagnosis of cancer, we will complete a series of e-learning systems designed to assess EGC accurately.

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Pitfalls in Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer with Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Gwang Ha Kim
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(3): 368. CrossRef

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The role of cap-assisted endoscopy and its future implications: Sol Kim, Bo-In Lee; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):293-301. Published online February 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.051

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Cap-assisted endoscopy refers to a procedure in which a short tube made of a polymer (mostly transparent) is attached to the distal tip of the endoscope to enhance its diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. It is reported to be particularly useful in: (1) minimizing blind spots during screening colonoscopy, (2) providing a constant distance from a lesion for clear visualization during magnifying endoscopy, (3) accurately assessing the size of various gastrointestinal lesions, (4) preventing mucosal injury during foreign body removal, (5) securing adequate workspace in the submucosal space during endoscopic submucosal dissection or third space endoscopy, (6) providing an optimal approach angle to a target, and (7) suctioning mucosal and submucosal tissue with negative pressure for resection or approximation. Here, we review various applications of attachable caps in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy and their future implications.

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As how artificial intelligence is revolutionizing endoscopy: Jean-Francois Rey; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):302-308. Published online March 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.230

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With incessant advances in information technology and its implications in all domains of our lives, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a requirement for improved machine performance. This brings forth the query of how this can benefit endoscopists and improve both diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy in each part of the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, it also raises the question of the recent benefits and clinical usefulness of this new technology in daily endoscopic practice. There are two main categories of AI systems: computer-assisted detection (CADe) for lesion detection and computer-assisted diagnosis (CADx) for optical biopsy and lesion characterization. Quality assurance is the next step in the complete monitoring of high-quality colonoscopies. In all cases, computer-aided endoscopy is used, as the overall results rely on the physician. Video capsule endoscopy is a unique example in which a computer operates a device, stores multiple images, and performs an accurate diagnosis. While there are many expectations, we need to standardize and assess various software packages. It is important for healthcare providers to support this new development and make its use an obligation in daily clinical practice. In summary, AI represents a breakthrough in digestive endoscopy. Screening for gastric and colonic cancer detection should be improved, particularly outside expert centers. Prospective and multicenter trials are mandatory before introducing new software into clinical practice.

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Deep Learning-Based Real-Time Organ Localization and Transit Time Estimation in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
Seung-Joo Nam, Gwiseong Moon, Jung-Hwan Park, Yoon Kim, Yun Jeong Lim, Hyun-Soo Choi
Biomedicines.2024; 12(8): 1704. CrossRef

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Role of endoscopic duodenojejunal bypass liner in obesity management and glycemic control: Willian Ferreira Igi, Victor Lira de Oliveira, Ayah Matar, Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):309-316. Published online February 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.217

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The treatment of obesity and its comorbidities ranges from clinical management involving lifestyle changes and medications to bariatric and metabolic surgery. Various endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies recently emerged to address an important therapeutic gap by offering a less invasive alternative to surgery that is more effective than conservative therapies. This article comprehensively reviews the technical aspects, mechanism of action, outcomes, and future perspectives of one of the most promising endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies, named duodenojejunal bypass liner. The duodenojejunal bypass liner mimics the mechanism of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass by preventing food contact with the duodenum and proximal jejunum, thereby initiating a series of hormonal changes that lead to delayed gastric emptying and malabsorptive effects. These physiological changes result in significant weight loss and improved metabolic control, leading to better glycemic levels, preventing dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and mitigating cardiovascular risk. However, concern exists regarding the safety profile of this device due to the reported high rates of severe adverse events, particularly liver abscesses. Ongoing technical changes aiming to reduce adverse events are being evaluated in clinical trials and may provide more reliable data to support its routine use in clinical practice.

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Bacteroides and NAFLD: pathophysiology and therapy
Jun Zhang, Jing Zhou, Zheyun He, Hongshan Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Talia F. Malik, Vaishnavi Sabesan, Babu P. Mohan, Asad Ur Rahman, Mohamed O. Othman, Peter V. Draganov, Gursimran S. Kochhar; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):317-328. Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.205

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: In this meta-analysis, we studied the safety and efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for colorectal dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Methods
Multiple databases were searched, and studies were retrieved based on pre-specified criteria until October 2022. The outcomes assessed were resection rates, procedural complications, local recurrence, metachronous tumors, and the need for surgery after ESD in IBD. Standard meta-analysis methods were followed using the random-effects model, and I2% was used to assess heterogeneity.
Results
Twelve studies comprising 291 dysplastic lesions in 274 patients were included with a median follow-up of 25 months. The pooled en-bloc resection, R0 resection, and curative resection rates were 92.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.9%–95.4%; I2=0%), 81.5% (95% CI, 72.5%–88%; I2=43%), and 48.9% (95% CI, 32.1%–65.9%; I2=87%), respectively. The local recurrence rate was 3.9% (95% CI, 2%–7.5%; I2=0%). The pooled rates of bleeding and perforation were 7.7% (95% CI, 4.5%–13%; I2=10%) and 5.3% (95% CI, 3.1%–8.9%; I2=0%), respectively. The rates of metachronous recurrence and additional surgery following ESD were 10% (95% CI, 5.2%–18.2%; I2=55%) and 13% (95% CI, 8.5%–19.3%; I2=54%), respectively.
Conclusions
ESD is safe and effective for the resection of dysplastic lesions in IBD with an excellent pooled rate of en-bloc and R0 resection.

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Endoscopic resection penetrating the muscularis propria for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: advances and challenges: Jin Woong Cho; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):329-331. Published online May 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.036

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Is genomic analysis possible in a tissue acquired via endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy in cholangiocarcinoma?: Jonghyun Lee, Sung Yong Han; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):332-334. Published online May 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.035

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Aerosol protection using modified N95 respirator during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomized controlled trial: Chawisa Nampoolsuksan, Thawatchai Akaraviputh, Asada Methasate, Jirawat Swangsri, Atthaphorn Trakarnsanga, Chainarong Phalanusitthepha, Thammawat Parakonthun, Voraboot Taweerutchana, Nicha Srisuworanan, Tharathorn Suwatthanarak, Thikhamporn Tawantanakorn, Varut Lohsiriwat, Vitoon Chinswangwatanakul; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):335-341. Published online June 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.018

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has affected the worldwide practice of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Here we designed a modified N95 respirator with a channel for endoscope insertion and evaluated its efficacy in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Methods
Thirty patients scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were randomized into the modified N95 (n=15) or control (n=15) group. The mask was placed on the patient after anesthesia administration and particles were counted every minute before (baseline) and during the procedure by a TSI AeroTrak particle counter (9306-04; TSI Inc.) and categorized by size (0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 10 µm). Differences in particle counts between time points were recorded.
Results
During the procedure, the modified N95 group displayed significantly smaller overall particle sizes than the control group (median [interquartile range], 231 [54–385] vs. 579 [213–1,379]×103/m3; p=0.056). However, the intervention group had a significant decrease in 0.3-µm particles (68 [–25–185] vs. 242 [72–588]×103/m3; p=0.045). No adverse events occurred in either group. The device did not cause any inconvenience to the endoscopists or patients.
Conclusions
This modified N95 respirator reduced the number of particles, especially 0.3-µm particles, generated during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

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Clinical outcomes of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in nonagenarians and octogenarians: a comparative nationwide analysis: Khaled Elfert, James Love, Esraa Elromisy, Fouad Jaber, Suresh Nayudu, Sammy Ho, Michel Kahaleh; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):342-349. Published online February 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.130

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Nonagenarians will purportedly account for 10% of the United States population by 2050. However, no studies have assessed the outcomes of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) in this age group.
Methods
The National Inpatient Sample database between 2016 and 2020 was used to compare the clinical outcomes of NVUGIB in nonagenarians and octogenarians and evaluate predictors of mortality and the use of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).
Results
Nonagenarians had higher in-hospital mortality than that of octogenarians (4% vs. 3%, p<0.001). EGD utilization (30% vs. 48%, p<0.001) and blood transfusion (27% vs. 40%, p<0.001) was significantly lower in nonagenarians. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that nonagenarians with NVUGIB had higher odds of mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–1.7) and lower odds of EGD utilization (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.83–0.89) than those of octogenarians.
Conclusions
Nonagenarians admitted with NVUGIB have a higher mortality risk than that of octogenarians. EGD is used significantly in managing NVUGIB among nonagenarians; however, its utilization is comparatively lower than in octogenarians. More studies are needed to assess predictors of poor outcomes and the indications of EGD in this growing population.

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Endoscopic resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor using clip-and-cut endoscopic full-thickness resection: a single-center, retrospective cohort in Korea: Yuri Kim, Ji Yong Ahn, Hwoon-Yong Jung, Seokin Kang, Ho June Song, Kee Don Choi, Do Hoon Kim, Jeong Hoon Lee, Hee Kyong Na, Young Soo Park; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):350-363. Published online February 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.144

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Background
/Aims: To overcome the technical limitations of classic endoscopic resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), various methods have been developed. In this study, we examined the role and feasibility of clip-and-cut procedures (clip-and-cut endoscopic full-thickness resection [cc-EFTR]) for gastric GISTs.
Methods
Medical records of 83 patients diagnosed with GISTs after endoscopic resection between 2005 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Moreover, clinical characteristics and outcomes were analyzed.
Results
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and cc-EFTR were performed in 51 and 32 patients, respectively. The GISTs were detected in the upper third of the stomach for ESD (52.9%) and cc-EFTR (90.6%). Within the cc-EFTR group, a majority of GISTs were located in the deep muscularis propria or serosal layer, accounting for 96.9%, as opposed to those in the ESD group (45.1%). The R0 resection rates were 51.0% and 84.4% in the ESD and cc-EFTR groups, respectively. Seven (8.4%) patients required surgical treatment (six patients underwent ESD and one underwent cc-EFTR,) due to residual tumor (n=5) and post-procedure adverse events (n=2). Patients undergoing R0 or R1 resection did not experience recurrence during a median 14-month follow-up period, except for one patient in the ESD group.
Conclusions
cc-EFTR displayed a high R0 resection rate; therefore, it is a safe and effective therapeutic option for small gastric GISTs.

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Endoscopic resection penetrating the muscularis propria for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: advances and challenges
Jin Woong Cho
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(3): 329. CrossRef

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Comparison of 19-gauge conventional and Franseen needles for the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy and classification of malignant lymphoma using endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration: Mitsuru Okuno, Keisuke Iwata, Tsuyoshi Mukai, Yusuke Kito, Takuji Tanaka, Naoki Watanabe, Senji Kasahara, Yuhei Iwasa, Akihiko Sugiyama, Youichi Nishigaki, Yuhei Shibata, Junichi Kitagawa, Takuji Iwashita, Eiichi Tomita, Masahito Shimizu; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):364-374. Published online September 8, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.095

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Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) using a 19-gauge needle is an efficient sampling method for the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy. This study compared 19-gauge conventional and Franseen needles for the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy and classification of malignant lymphoma (ML).
Methods
Patient characteristics, number of needle passes, puncture route, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of cytology/histology for lymphadenopathy were analyzed in patients diagnosed with lymphadenopathy by EUS-FNA using conventional or Franseen needles.
Results
Between 2012 and 2022, 146 patients met the inclusion criteria (conventional [n=70] and Franseen [n=76]). The median number of needle passes was significantly lower in the conventional group than in the Franseen group (3 [1–6] vs. 4 [1–6], p=0.023). There were no significant differences in cytological/histological diagnoses between the two groups. For ML, the immunohistochemical evaluation rate, sensitivity of flow cytometry, and cytogenetic assessment were not significantly different in either group. Bleeding as adverse events (AEs) were observed in three patients in the Franseen group.
Conclusions
Both the 19-gauge conventional and Franseen needles showed high accuracy in lymphadenopathy and ML classification. Considering sufficient tissue collection and the avoidance of AEs, the use of 19-gauge conventional needles seems to be a good option for the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy.

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Choosing needles wisely: 19-G conventional vs. Franseen needles in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for malignant lymphoma diagnosis and classification
Kajornvit Raghareutai, Worapoth Yingyongthawat, Nonthalee Pausawasdi
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(4): 473. CrossRef

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A novel fully covered metal stent for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction: results of a multicenter prospective study: Arata Sakai, Atsuhiro Masuda, Takaaki Eguchi, Keisuke Furumatsu, Takao Iemoto, Shiei Yoshida, Yoshihiro Okabe, Kodai Yamanaka, Ikuya Miki, Saori Kakuyama, Yosuke Yagi, Daisuke Shirasaka, Shinya Kohashi, Takashi Kobayashi, Hideyuki Shiomi, Yuzo Kodama; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):375-383. Published online July 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.035

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Background
/Aims: Endoscopic self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement is currently the standard technique for treating unresectable malignant distal biliary obstructions (MDBO). Therefore, covered SEMS with longer stent patency and fewer migrations are required. This study aimed to assess the clinical performance of a novel, fully covered SEMS for unresectable MDBO.
Methods
This was a multicenter single-arm prospective study. The primary outcome was a non-obstruction rate at 6 months. The secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO), time to RBO (TRBO), technical and clinical success, and adverse events.
Results
A total of 73 patients were enrolled in this study. The non-obstruction rate at 6 months was 61%. The median OS and TRBO were 233 and 216 days, respectively. The technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 97%, respectively. Furthermore, the rate of occurrence of RBO and adverse events was 49% and 21%, respectively. The length of bile duct stenosis (<2.2 cm) was the only significant risk factor for stent migration.
Conclusions
The non-obstruction rate of a novel fully covered SEMS for MDBO is comparable to that reported earlier but shorter than expected. Short bile duct stenosis is a significant risk factor for stent migration.

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Endeavors to prevent stent malfunction: new insights into the risk factors for recurrent biliary obstruction
Sung-Jo Bang
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(1): 56. CrossRef
Understanding mechanical properties of biliary metal stents for wise stent selection
Seok Jeong
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(5): 592. CrossRef

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Clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition for comprehensive genomic profiling of patients with biliary tract cancer, especially with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Takafumi Yanaidani, Kazuo Hara, Nozomi Okuno, Shin Haba, Takamichi Kuwahara, Yasuhiro Kuraishi, Nobumasa Mizuno, Sho Ishikawa, Masanori Yamada, Tsukasa Yasuda; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):384-392. Published online February 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.139

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Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) is a standard diagnostic method for biliary tract cancer (BTC), and samples obtained in this manner may be used for comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP). This study evaluated the utility of EUS-TA for CGP in a clinical setting and determined the factors associated with the adequacy of CGP in patients with BTC.
Methods
CGP was attempted for 105 samples from 94 patients with BTC at the Aichi Cancer Center, Japan, from October 2019 to April 2022.
Results
Overall, 77.1% (81/105) of the samples were adequate for CGP. For 22-G or 19-G fine-needle biopsy (FNB), the sample adequacy was 85.7% (36/42), which was similar to that of surgical specimens (94%, p=0.45). Univariate analysis revealed that 22-G or larger FNB needle usage (86%, p=0.003), the target primary lesions (88%, p=0.015), a target size ≥30 mm (100%, p=0.0013), and number of punctures (90%, p=0.016) were significantly positively associated with CGP sample adequacy.
Conclusions
EUS-TA is useful for CGP tissue sampling in patients with BTC. In particular, the use of 22-G or larger FNB needles may allow for specimen adequacy comparable to that of surgical specimens.

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Is genomic analysis possible in a tissue acquired via endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy in cholangiocarcinoma?
Jonghyun Lee, Sung Yong Han
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(3): 332. CrossRef
Utility of Transpapillary Biopsy and Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Tissue Acquisition for Comprehensive Genome Profiling of Unresectable Biliary Tract Cancer
Soma Fukuda, Susumu Hijioka, Yoshikuni Nagashio, Daiki Yamashige, Daiki Agarie, Yuya Hagiwara, Kohei Okamoto, Shin Yagi, Yasuhiro Komori, Masaru Kuwada, Yuta Maruki, Chigusa Morizane, Hideki Ueno, Nobuyoshi Hiraoka, Kiichiro Tsuchiya, Takuji Okusaka
Cancers.2024; 16(16): 2819. CrossRef
Endoscopic Ultrasound and Intraductal Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Biliary Tract Diseases: A Narrative Review
Akiya Nakahata, Yasunobu Yamashita, Masayuki Kitano
Diagnostics.2024; 14(18): 2086. CrossRef

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The role of needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy in the diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Masanori Yamada, Kazuo Hara, Nobumasa Mizuno, Shin Haba, Takamichi Kuwahara, Nozomi Okuno, Yasuhiro Kuraishi, Takafumi Yanaidani, Sho Ishikawa, Tsukasa Yasuda, Toshitaka Fukui; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):393-401. Published online September 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.068

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Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a highly accurate method for diagnosing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs); however, some PNETs are difficult to diagnose. Recently, the efficacy of needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) in diagnosing solid pancreatic masses has been reported. However, the efficacy of nCLE in the diagnosis of PNETs remains unknown and only a small number of cases have been reported. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nCLE in the diagnosis of PNETs.
Methods
This single-center retrospective study evaluated 30 consecutive patients with suspected PNETs on contrast-enhanced computed tomography, who consented to nCLE combined with EUS-FNA and were diagnosed using EUS-FNA or surgical resection. The diagnostic criteria for PNETs using nCLE were based on the nesting and trabecular and glandular arrangement of tumor cell clusters surrounded by capillary vessels and fibrosis, as reported in previous studies.
Results
The diagnosis using nCLE was classified into three categories: misdiagnosis in three cases (10%), non-diagnostic in six cases (20%), and diagnostic in 21 cases (70%). nCLE was able to diagnose PNET in one of the two cases with inconclusive EUS-FNA.
Conclusions
Although further development of the resolution and optimization of the diagnostic criteria are required, nCLE may constitute a useful diagnostic option in cases of inconclusive EUS-FNA for PNETs.

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Recent developments in the diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Anna Battistella, Matteo Tacelli, Paola Mapelli, Marco Schiavo Lena, Valentina Andreasi, Luana Genova, Francesca Muffatti, Francesco De Cobelli, Stefano Partelli, Massimo Falconi
Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2024; 18(4-5): 155. CrossRef
Advancements and challenges in gastrointestinal imaging
Eun Jeong Gong, Chang Seok Bang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2024; 12(33): 6591. CrossRef

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Polyposis of gastrointestinal tract after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: a report of two cases: Jun Ho Kim, Eun Hye Oh, Dong Soo Han; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):402-406. Published online April 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.268

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Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is a rare gastrointestinal polyposis syndrome with distinctive clinical features and endoscopic findings. Diagnosis can be challenging without suspicion, and the disease carries high mortality due to complications such as infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, and malignancies. This paper presents two cases of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome occurring after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination. Both cases exhibited typical clinical findings, including hypogeusia, onychodystrophy, alopecia, and weight loss. Typical polyposis in the gastrointestinal tract was confirmed through endoscopies. As symptomatic treatment did not improve the symptoms, corticosteroids were administered, and symptoms and laboratory test results improved immediately. The patients improved upon corticosteroids tapering. These cases illustrate typical presentations of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome and the course of the disease following corticosteroid treatment. Additionally, they suggest the possibility that Cronkhite-Canada syndrome may be triggered by COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.

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