Clinical Endoscopy

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy for pancreatic cystic lesions: current status and future prospects: Clement Chun Ho Wu, Samuel Jun Ming Lim, Damien Meng Yew Tan; Clin Endosc 2024;57(4):434-445. Published online July 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.157

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) have increased in prevalence due to the increased usage and advancements in cross-sectional abdominal imaging. Current diagnostic techniques cannot distinguish between PCLs requiring surgery, close surveillance, or expectant management. This has increased the morbidity and healthcare costs from inappropriately aggressive and conservative management strategies. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) allows for microscopic examination and delineation of the surface epithelium of PCLs. Landmark studies have identified characteristics distinguishing various types of PCLs, confirmed the high diagnostic yield of EUS-nCLE (especially for PCLs with an equivocal diagnosis), and shown that EUS-nCLE helps to change management and reduce healthcare costs. Refining procedure technique and reducing procedure length have improved the safety of EUS-nCLE. The utilization of artificial intelligence and its combination with other EUS-based advanced diagnostic techniques would further improve the results of EUS-based PCL diagnosis. A structured training program and device improvements to allow more complete mapping of the pancreas cyst epithelium will be crucial for the widespread adoption of this promising technology.

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Pathognomonic Signs in Pancreatic Cystic Lesions: What Gastroenterologists and Involved Clinicians Need to Know
Alberto Martino, Luca Barresi, Francesco Paolo Zito, Michele Amata, Roberto Fiorentino, Severo Campione, Alessandro Iacobelli, Enrico Crolla, Roberto Di Mitri, Carlo Molino, Marco Di Serafino, Giovanni Lombardi
Gastroenterology Insights.2024; 15(3): 810. CrossRef

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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related complications: risk stratification, prevention, and management: Clement Chun Ho Wu, Samuel Jun Ming Lim, Christopher Jen Lock Khor; Clin Endosc 2023;56(4):433-445. Published online July 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.013

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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) plays a crucial role in the management of pancreaticobiliary disorders. Although the ERCP technique has been refined over the past five decades, it remains one of the endoscopic procedures with the highest rate of complications. Risk factors for ERCP-related complications are broadly classified into patient-, procedure-, and operator-related risk factors. Although non-modifiable, patient-related risk factors allow for the closer monitoring and instatement of preventive measures. Post-ERCP pancreatitis is the most common complication of ERCP. Risk reduction strategies include intravenous hydration, rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and pancreatic stent placement in selected patients. Perforation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and prompt recognition and treatment of ERCP-related perforations are key to ensuring good clinical outcomes. Endoscopy plays an expanding role in the treatment of perforations. Specific management strategies depend on the location of the perforation and the patient’s clinical status. The risk of post-ERCP bleeding can be attenuated by preprocedural optimization and adoption of intra-procedural techniques. Endoscopic measures are the mainstay of management for post-ERCP bleeding. Escalation to angioembolization or surgery may be required for refractory bleeding. Post-ERCP cholangitis can be reduced with antibiotic prophylaxis in high risk patients. Bile culture-directed therapy plays an important role in antimicrobial treatment.

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Prevention of post-ERCP complications
Lotfi Triki, Andrea Tringali, Marianna Arvanitakis, Tommaso Schepis
Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology.2024; 69: 101906. CrossRef
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Seung Joo Kang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Seok Bang, Cheol Min Shin, Young-Hoon Jeong, Miyoung Choi, Joo Ha Hwang, Yutaka Saito, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Christopher Khor, Vu Van Khien, Kee Don Choi, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Oh Young Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(2): 141. CrossRef
Double-guidewire technique for selective biliary cannulation does not increase the rate of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in patients with naïve papilla
Han Taek Jeong, June Hwa Bae, Ho Gak Kim, Jimin Han
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(2): 226. CrossRef
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Endoscopy International Open.2024; 12(06): E772. CrossRef
IDEN Consensus on Management of Antithrombotic Agents in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Seung Joo Kang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Seok Bang, Cheol Min Shin, Young-Hoon Jeong, Miyoung Choi, Joo Ha Hwang, Yutaka Saito, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Christopher Khor, Vu Van Khien, Kee Don Choi, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Oh Young Lee
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 83(6): 217. CrossRef
International Digestive Endoscopy Network Consensus on the Management of Antithrombotic Agents in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Seung Joo Kang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Seok Bang, Cheol Min Shin, Young-Hoon Jeong, Miyoung Choi, Joo Ha Hwang, Yutaka Saito, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Christopher Khor, Vu Van Khien, Kee Don Choi, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Oh Young Lee
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(5): 764. CrossRef
Risk factors for acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a retrospective single-center study
I.М. Mamontov, D.D. Rjabushhenko, Т.І. Tamm, К.О. Kramarenko, V.V. Nepomniashchyi, A.T. Ustinov
Український радіологічний та онкологічний журнал.2024; 32(3): 287. CrossRef
Comparison of the incidence of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in patients with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis
Fang Jia, Fujing Lv, Shutian Zhang
Surgical Endoscopy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Could assessment of genetic susceptibility be an effective solution to prevent pancreatitis from occurring after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography?
Jae Min Lee
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2023; 38(6): 783. CrossRef

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The Role of Needle-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in the Evaluation of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions: A Systematic Review: Yung Ka Chin, Clement Chun Ho Wu, Damien Meng Yew Tan; Clin Endosc 2021;54(1):38-47. Published online March 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.200-IDEN

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The prevalence of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) has increased recently due to the increased use of cross-sectional abdominal imaging and the ageing global population. Current diagnostic techniques are inadequate to distinguish between PCLs that require surgery, close surveillance, or expectant management. This has resulted in increased morbidity from both inappropriately aggressive and conservative management strategies. Needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) has allowed microscopic examination and visual delineation of the surface epithelium of PCLs. Landmark studies in this decade have correlated nCLE and histological findings and identified characteristics differentiating various types of PCLs. Subsequent studies have confirmed the high diagnostic yield of nCLE and its diagnostic utility in PCLs with an equivocal diagnosis. Moreover, nCLE has been shown to improve the diagnostic yield of PCLs. This will help avoid unnecessary pancreatic surgery, which carries significant morbidity and mortality risks. The early detection of high-grade dysplasia in PCLs will provide early surgical treatment and improve outcomes for pancreatic cancer. Despite the high upfront cost of nCLE, the improved diagnostic accuracy and resultant appropriate management have resulted in improved cost effectiveness. Refining the procedure technique and limiting the procedure length have significantly improved the safety of nCLE. A structured training program and device improvements to allow more complete mapping of the pancreatic cyst epithelium will be crucial for the widespread adoption of this promising technology.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Molecular Pathology of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions with a Focus on Malignant Progression
Yan Hu, Dan Jones, Ashwini K. Esnakula, Somashekar G. Krishna, Wei Chen
Cancers.2024; 16(6): 1183. CrossRef
Applications and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Endoscopic Ultrasound in Digestive System Diseases
Jia Huang, Xiaofei Fan, Wentian Liu
Diagnostics.2023; 13(17): 2815. CrossRef
EUS-guided fine needle aspiration-based clues to mistaken or uncertain identity: serous pancreatic cysts
Michele T. Yip-Schneider, Rodica Muraru, Rachel C. Kim, Howard H. Wu, Stuart Sherman, Aditya Gutta, Mohammad A. Al-Haddad, John M. Dewitt, C. Max Schmidt
HPB.2023; 25(12): 1587. CrossRef
Current trends in the management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms in Korea: a national survey
Hyung Ku Chon, Sung Hoon Moon, Sang Wook Park, Woo Hyun Paik, Chang Nyol Paik, Byoung Kwan Son, Tae Jun Song, Dong Won Ahn, Eaum Seok Lee, Yun Nah Lee, Yoon Suk Lee, Jae Min Lee, Tae Joo Jeon, Chang-Hwan Park, Kwang Bum Cho, Dong Wook Lee
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2022; 37(1): 63. CrossRef
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in the Diagnosis of Biliary and Pancreatic Disorders: A Systematic Analysis
Do Han Kim, Somashekar G. Krishna, Emmanuel Coronel, Paul T. Kröner, Herbert C. Wolfsen, Michael B. Wallace, Juan E. Corral
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(2): 197. CrossRef
Accuracy and agreement of a large panel of endosonographers for endomicroscopy-guided virtual biopsy of pancreatic cystic lesions
Jorge D. Machicado, Bertrand Napoleon, Anne Marie Lennon, Samer El-Dika, Stephen P. Pereira, Damien Tan, Rahul Pannala, Mohit Girotra, Pradermchai Kongkam, Helga Bertani, Yunlu Feng, Hao Sijie, Ning Zhong, Vincent Valantin, Sarah Leblanc, Alice Hinton, So
Pancreatology.2022; 22(7): 994. CrossRef
Pancreatic Cystic Lesions: A Focused Review on Cyst Clinicopathological Features and Advanced Diagnostics
Wei Chen, Nehaal Ahmed, Somashekar G. Krishna
Diagnostics.2022; 13(1): 65. CrossRef
Diagnostic Value of Endomicroscopy for Gastrointestinal Diseases: New Possibilities and Concepts
Ralf Kiesslich
Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2021; 23(1): 57. CrossRef

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Intraductal Ultrasonography Can Enhance the Success of Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis: Clement Chun Ho Wu, Christopher Jen Lock Khor; Clin Endosc 2020;53(2):114-116. Published online March 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.051

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