Review
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Remimazolam, a novel drug, for safe and effective endoscopic sedation
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Jae Min Lee, Yehyun Park, Dong Won Ahn, Jun Kyu Lee, Kwang Hyuck Lee
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Received February 7, 2024 Accepted May 8, 2024 Published online January 14, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.026
[Epub ahead of print]
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Abstract
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- Remimazolam is a novel benzodiazepine with unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, making it an ideal candidate for sedation during endoscopic procedures. Distinguished by its rapid onset and short duration of action, remimazolam offers a safer and more efficient alternative to traditional sedatives, such as midazolam and propofol, with fewer side effects, such as hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory depression. This article reviews the characteristics of remimazolam and its practical advantages, including ease of use, quick recovery time, and minimal residual sedation, emphasizing its potential to improve patient safety and procedural efficiency in clinical endoscopy settings.
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Reviews
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New sedatives and analgesic drugs for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures
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Jae Min Lee, Yehyun Park, Jin Myung Park, Hong Jun Park, Jun Yong Bae, Seung Young Seo, Jee Hyun Lee, Hyung Ku Chon, Jun-Won Chung, Hyun Ho Choi, Jun Kyu Lee, Byung-Wook Kim, Endoscopic Sedation Committee of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
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Clin Endosc 2022;55(5):581-587. Published online August 29, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.283
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- Procedural sedation has become increasingly common in endoscopy. Sedatives and analgesics induce anxiolysis and amnesia. In addition, an appropriate level of sedation is necessary for safe procedures including therapeutic endoscopy. Midazolam and propofol are the most commonly used drugs in sedative endoscopy. In recent years, the need to ascertain the safety and effectiveness of sedation has increased in practice. Therefore, new sedatives and analgesic drugs for optimal sedative endoscopy, have recently emerged. This article reviews the characteristics of sedatives and analgesics, and describes their clinical use in gastrointestinal endoscopy.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Comparative effects of ciprofol and propofol on perioperative outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Jiazheng Qi, Lingjing Zhang, Fanhua Meng, Xiaoyu Yang, Baoxuan Chen, Lingqi Gao, Xu Zhao, Mengqiang Luo
Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition).2025; 75(2): 844578. CrossRef - Clinical Practice Guideline for Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
Chung Hyun Tae, Ju Yup Lee, Moon Kyung Joo, Chan Hyuk Park, Eun Jeong Gong, Cheol Min Shin, Hyun Lim, Hyuk Soon Choi, Miyoung Choi, Sang Hoon Kim, Chul-Hyun Lim, Jeong-Sik Byeon, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Moon Sung Lee, Jong-Jae Park, Oh Young Lee
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(1): 10. CrossRef - Assessing wound complications in gastroscopy with Streptomyces protease enzyme combined with Shutai
Qihui Chen, Hangfei Li, Lijuan Zhou, Zhanbo Yang
International Wound Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Characterization of Pediatric Rectal Absorption, Drug Disposition, and Sedation Level for Midazolam Gel Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling
Jinying Zhu, Sufeng Zhou, Lu Wang, Yuqing Zhao, Jie Wang, Tangping Zhao, Tongtong Li, Feng Shao
Molecular Pharmaceutics.2024; 21(5): 2187. CrossRef - Development of a predictive model for hypoxia due to sedatives in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective clinical study in Korea
Jung Wan Choe, Jong Jin Hyun, Seong-Jin Son, Seung-Hak Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(4): 476. CrossRef - Optimal Surveillance of Metachronous Gastric Lesion after Endoscopic Resection of Early Gastric Cancer
Dong Chan Joo, Gwang Ha Kim
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(5): 781. CrossRef - Clinical practice guidelines for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Chung Hyun Tae, Ju Yup Lee, Moon Kyung Joo, Chan Hyuk Park, Eun Jeong Gong, Cheol Min Shin, Hyun Lim, Hyuk Soon Choi, Miyoung Choi, Sang Hoon Kim, Chul-Hyun Lim, Jeong-Sik Byeon, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Moon Sung Lee, Jong-Jae Park, Oh Young Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(4): 391. CrossRef - Quality of recovery and pre-existing impaired cognition in patients undergoing advanced GI endoscopic procedures with patient-controlled sedation: a prospective observational cohort study
Sara Lyckner, Michelle S. Chew, Andreas Nilsson
iGIE.2023; 2(3): 292. CrossRef - Clinical Practice Guideline for Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
Chung Hyun Tae, Ju Yup Lee, Moon Kyung Joo, Chan Hyuk Park, Eun Jeong Gong, Cheol Min Shin, Hyun Lim, Hyuk Soon Choi, Miyoung Choi, Sang Hoon Kim, Chul-Hyun Lim, Jeong-Sik Byeon, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Moon Sung Lee, Jong-Jae Park, Oh Young Lee
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 82(3): 107. CrossRef - Drugs used for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy
Jun Kyu Lee
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(11): 735. CrossRef
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2021 Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinical Practice Guidelines for Endoscopic Sedation
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Hong Jun Park, Byung-Wook Kim, Jun Kyu Lee, Yehyun Park, Jin Myung Park, Jun Yong Bae, Seung Young Seo, Jae Min Lee, Jee Hyun Lee, Hyung Ku Chon, Jun-Won Chung, Hyun Ho Choi, Myung Ha Kim, Dong Ah Park, Jae Hung Jung, Joo Young Cho, Endoscopic Sedation Committee of Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
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Clin Endosc 2022;55(2):167-182. Published online February 22, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.282
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Abstract
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- Sedation can resolve anxiety and fear in patients undergoing endoscopy. The use of sedatives has increased in Korea. Appropriate sedation is a state in which the patient feels subjectively comfortable while maintaining the airway reflex for stable spontaneous breathing. The patient should maintain a state of consciousness to the extent that he or she can cooperate with the needs of the medical staff. Despite its benefits, endoscopic sedation has been associated with cardiopulmonary complications. Cardiopulmonary complications are usually temporary. Most patients recover without sequelae. However, they may progress to serious complications, such as cardiovascular collapse. Therefore, it is essential to screen high-risk patients before sedation and reduce complications by meticulous monitoring. Additionally, physicians should be familiar with the management of emergencies. The first Korean clinical practice guideline for endoscopic sedation was developed based on previous worldwide guidelines for endoscopic sedation using an adaptation process. The guideline consists of nine recommendations based on a critical review of currently available data and expert consensus when the guideline was drafted. These guidelines should provide clinicians, nurses, medical school students, and policy makers with information on how to perform endoscopic sedation with minimal risk.
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Citations
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- Using Clinical-based Discharge Criteria to Discharge Patients After Endoscopy Procedures Under Drug-induced Intravenous Sedation in the Outpatient Care Unit: An Observational Study
Liangyu Fang, Lina Chen, Bingbing Wu, Yinchuan Xu, Laijuan Chen
Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing.2024; 39(5): 859. CrossRef - Development and Effectiveness Evaluation of 360-Degree Virtual Reality-Based Educational Intervention for Adult Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy
Minju Gwag, Jaeyong Yoo
Healthcare.2024; 12(14): 1448. CrossRef - Development of a predictive model for hypoxia due to sedatives in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective clinical study in Korea
Jung Wan Choe, Jong Jin Hyun, Seong-Jin Son, Seung-Hak Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(4): 476. CrossRef - Comparison of Synergistic Sedation with Midazolam and Propofol Versus Midazolam and Pethidine in Colonoscopies: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study
Jae Woong Lim, Min Jae Kim, Gang Han Lee, Dae Sol Kim, Sang Hyuk Jung, Yu Yeon Kim, Jin Won Kim, Yohan Lee, Hyun Soo Kim, Seon Young Park, Dong Hyun Kim
Chonnam Medical Journal.2024; 60(3): 192. CrossRef - Nasal mask versus conventional oxygen supply for endoscopy under intravenous sedation: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wentao Ji, Yu Deng, Min Zheng, Xiaoting Zhang, Jun Lu, Jinhai Liu, Bo Li, Lulong Bo
BMJ Open.2024; 14(12): e092868. CrossRef - Experience of organizing outpatient anesthetic care at Endoscopy centre of Multidisciplinary city clinic
O. V. Makarov, S. A. Osipov, E. P. Rodionov, A. A. Malyshev, I. Yu. Korzheva, L. M. Avramenko, Z. Z. Loseva, I. V. Balykov, L. A. Baichorova, E. I. Alikhanova, A. V. Vlasenko, E. A. Evdokimov, V. I. Makovey, V. V. Erofeev
Medical alphabet.2023; (6): 50. CrossRef - Anesthesia care provider sedation versus conscious sedation for endoscopic ultrasound–guided tissue acquisition: a retrospective cohort study
Sneha Shaha, Yinglin Gao, Jiahao Peng, Kendrick Che, John J. Kim, Wasseem Skef
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(5): 658. CrossRef - Current status of the gastric cancer screening program in Korea
Young-Il Kim, Il Ju Choi
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(5): 250. CrossRef - In pursuit of the right plan for airway management in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures…the battle half won?
Upender Gowd, Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa, Madhuri Kurdi, Gaurav Sindwani
Indian Journal of Anaesthesia.2022; 66(10): 683. CrossRef - Drugs used for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy
Jun Kyu Lee
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(11): 735. CrossRef
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Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Endoscopic Management of Peripancreatic Fluid Collections
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Chi Hyuk Oh, Jun Kyu Lee, Tae Jun Song, Jin-Seok Park, Jae Min Lee, Jun Hyuk Son, Dong Kee Jang, Miyoung Choi, Jeong-Sik Byeon, In Seok Lee, Soo Teik Lee, Ho Soon Choi, Ho Gak Kim, Hoon Jai Chun, Chan Guk Park, Joo Young Cho
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Clin Endosc 2021;54(4):505-521. Published online July 27, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.185
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- Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided intervention has gradually become a standard treatment for peripancreatic fluid collections (PFCs). However, it is difficult to popularize the procedure in Korea because of restrictions on insurance claims regarding the use of endoscopic accessories, as well as the lack of standardized Korean clinical practice guidelines. The Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (KSGE) appointed a Task Force to develope medical guidelines by referring to the manual for clinical practice guidelines development prepared by the National Evidence-Based Healthcare Collaborating Agency. Previous studies on PFCs were searched, and certain studies were selected with the help of experts. Then, a set of key questions was selected, and treatment guidelines were systematically reviewed. Answers to these questions and recommendations were selected via peer review. This guideline discusses endoscopic management of PFCs and makes recommendations on Indications for the procedure, pre-procedural preparations, optimal approach for drainage, procedural considerations (e.g., types of stent, advantages and disadvantages of plastic and metal stents, and accessories), adverse events of endoscopic intervention, and procedural quality issues. This guideline was reviewed by external experts and suggests best practices recommended based on the evidence available at the time of preparation. This will be revised as necessary to address advances and changes in technology and evidence obtained in clinical practice and future studies.
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Citations
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- Benign biliary stricture caused by transduodenal lumen-apposing metal stent placement for pancreatic acute necrotic collection
Shuhei Shintani, Takuya Okamoto, Kosuke Hiroe, Hidenori Kimura, Hiroto Inoue, Atsushi Nishida, Osamu Inatomi
International Journal of Gastrointestinal Intervention.2025; 14(1): 24. CrossRef - Pancreatic Pseudocyst after Fully Covered Self-expandable Metallic Stent Placement
Mitsuhito Koizumi, Sho Ishikawa, Kaori Marui, Masahito Kokubu, Yusuke Okujima, Yuki Numata, Yoshiki Imamura, Teru Kumagi, Yoichi Hiasa
Internal Medicine.2024; 63(21): 2943. CrossRef - Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin for the Differentiation of Mucinous Pancreatic Cystic Lesions
Miruna Patricia Olar, Maria Iacobescu, Sorana D. Bolboacă, Cristina Pojoga, Ofelia Moșteanu, Radu Seicean, Ioana Rusu, Oana Banc, Cristina Adela Iuga, Andrada Seicean
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(6): 3224. CrossRef - Comparative outcome of single versus two double-pigtail stents for endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections with minimal necrosis: a retrospective analysis
S Giri, S Bhrugumalla, S Gangadhar, S Angadi
Acta Gastro Enterologica Belgica.2024; 87(1): 1. CrossRef - Use of an endoscopic powered debridement device for treatment of post-surgical fatty pancreatic necrosis
Judy Daboul, Shiab Mussad, Anna Cecilia Amaral, Waleed K. Hussain, Peter J. Lee, Samuel Han
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(3): 412. CrossRef - Single double pigtail plastic stent (DPT) is equally effective to two double pigtail plastic stents for endoscopic ultrasonography-guided drainage of "symptomatic peripancreatic fluid collection with 30 % or less necrotic debris"
Hemanta Kumar Nayak, Shubham Gupta, Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Abhijeet Rai, Saswati Kar, Mansi Chaudhary, Ajay Ghosh, Taraprasad Tripathy, Bramhadatta Pattnaik, Subash Chandra Samal
Pancreatology.2024; 24(7): 1211. CrossRef - Advances in self-expandable metal stents for endoscopic ultrasound-guided interventions
Dong Kee Jang, Dong Wook Lee, Seong-Hun Kim, Kwang Bum Cho, Sundeep Lakhtakia
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(5): 588. CrossRef - Drainage for fluid collections post pancreatic surgery and acute pancreatitis: similar but different?
Yousuke Nakai, Saburo Matsubara, Tsuyoshi Mukai, Tsuyoshi Hamada, Takashi Sasaki, Hirotoshi Ishiwatari, Susumu Hijioka, Hideyuki Shiomi, Mamoru Takenaka, Takuji Iwashita, Atsuhiro Masuda, Tomotaka Saito, Hiroyuki Isayama, Ichiro Yasuda
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(6): 735. CrossRef - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage for local complications related to pancreatitis
Hyung Ku Chon, Seong-Hun Kim
International Journal of Gastrointestinal Intervention.2023; 12(1): 7. CrossRef - A preferable modality for the differentiation of peripancreatic fluid collections: Endoscopic ultrasound
Ning Xu, Longsong Li, Danqi Zhao, Zixin Wang, Xueting Wang, Runzi Wang, Yanbo Zeng, Lei Zhang, Ning Zhong, Ying Lv, Enqiang Linghu, Ningli Chai
Endoscopic Ultrasound.2022; 11(4): 291. CrossRef - Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome in acute pancreatitis
A.V. Fedorov, V.N. Ektov, M.A. Khodorkovsky
Khirurgiya. Zhurnal im. N.I. Pirogova.2022; (8): 83. CrossRef - Single balloon enteroscopy-guided endoscopic retrograde pancreatography for the treatment of a symptomatic pancreatic pseudocyst complicated by pancreaticojejunostomy stricture: A case report
Eunae Cho, Chang-Hwan Park, Seo Yeon Cho
Medicine.2022; 101(43): e31293. CrossRef
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Clinical and Technical Guideline for Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-Guided Tissue Acquisition of Pancreatic Solid Tumor: Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (KSGE)
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Moon Jae Chung, Se Woo Park, Seong-Hun Kim, Chang Min Cho, Jun-Ho Choi, Eun Kwang Choi, Tae Hoon Lee, Eunae Cho, Jun Kyu Lee, Tae Jun Song, Jae Min Lee, Jun Hyuk Son, Jin Suk Park, Chi Hyuk Oh, Dong-Ah Park, Jeong-Sik Byeon, Soo Teik Lee, Ho Gak Kim, Hoon Jai Chun, Ho Soon Choi, Chan Guk Park, Joo Young Cho
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Clin Endosc 2021;54(2):161-181. Published online March 24, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.069
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- Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition of pancreatic solid tumor requires a strict recommendation for its proper use in clinical practice because of its technical difficulty and invasiveness. The Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (KSGE) appointed a Task Force to draft clinical practice guidelines for EUS-guided tissue acquisition of pancreatic solid tumor. The strength of recommendation and the level of evidence for each statement were graded according to the Minds Handbook for Clinical Practice Guideline Development 2014. The committee, comprising a development panel of 16 endosonographers and an expert on guideline development methodology, developed 12 evidence-based recommendations in 8 categories intended to help physicians make evidence-based clinical judgments with regard to the diagnosis of pancreatic solid tumor. This clinical practice guideline discusses EUS-guided sampling in pancreatic solid tumor and makes recommendations on circumstances that warrant its use, technical issues related to maximizing the diagnostic yield (e.g., needle type, needle diameter, adequate number of needle passes, sample obtaining techniques, and methods of specimen processing), adverse events of EUS-guided tissue acquisition, and learning-related issues. This guideline was reviewed by external experts and suggests best practices recommended based on the evidence available at the time of preparation. This guideline may not be applicable for all clinical situations and should be interpreted in light of specific situations and the availability of resources. It will be revised as necessary to cover progress and changes in technology and evidence from clinical practice.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Management of Pancreatic Cancer
Balaji Musunuri, Shiran Shetty
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology.2024; 15(S2): 269. CrossRef - Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) guided biopsy of healthy pig pancreas: Towards the histological diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.
Julio Iglesias-García, Yessica Domínguez-Novoa, Héctor Lazare-Iglesias, Antonio González-Cantalapiedra, Ihab Abdulkader-Nallib, Óscar Varela-López, José Lariño-Noia, Enrique Domínguez-Muñoz
Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition for personalized treatment in pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Sang Myung Woo
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(2): 183. CrossRef - Pancreatic duct lavage cytology combined with a cell-block method for patients with possible pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, including pancreatic carcinoma in situ
Hiroaki Kusunose, Shinsuke Koshita, Yoshihide Kanno, Takahisa Ogawa, Toshitaka Sakai, Keisuke Yonamine, Kazuaki Miyamoto, Fumisato Kozakai, Hideyuki Anan, Kazuki Endo, Haruka Okano, Masaya Oikawa, Takashi Tsuchiya, Takashi Sawai, Yutaka Noda, Kei Ito
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(3): 353. CrossRef - Anesthesia care provider sedation versus conscious sedation for endoscopic ultrasound–guided tissue acquisition: a retrospective cohort study
Sneha Shaha, Yinglin Gao, Jiahao Peng, Kendrick Che, John J. Kim, Wasseem Skef
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(5): 658. CrossRef - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition and gene panel testing for pancreatic cancer
Kentaro SUDO, Emiri KITA, Akiko TSUJIMOTO, Kazuyoshi NAKAMURA, Akiko ODAKA, Makiko ITAMI, Sana YOKOI, Hiroshi ISHII
Suizo.2022; 37(1): 8. CrossRef - Impact of rapid on-site evaluation on diagnostic accuracy of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration of solid pancreatic lesions: experience from a single center
Irem Guvendir, Itir Ebru Zemheri, Kamil Ozdil
BMC Gastroenterology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Fine Needle Aspiration and Biopsy for Pancreatic Disease
Kwang Hyuck Lee
The Korean Journal of Pancreas and Biliary Tract.2021; 26(4): 241. CrossRef
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Original Articles
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Feasibility of Wearable Display Glasses for Medical Students in the Endoscopy Room
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Kang Won Lee, Hyuk Soon Choi, Hoon Jai Chun, Jae Min Lee, Eun Sun Kim, Bora Keum, Yeon Seok Seo, Yoon Tae Jeen, Soon Ho Um, Hong Sik Lee
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Clin Endosc 2021;54(5):694-700. Published online March 15, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.246
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- Background
/Aims: Several attempts have been made to incorporate smart glasses in the medical field. We applied wearable display glasses to show the position of an observer during endoscopy and compared students’ responses between the conventional and new methods.
Methods
We surveyed 28 medical students regarding the use of wearable display devices. The students used wearable display glasses to observe an endoscopic procedure and answered the prepared questionnaire. Their collected responses were analyzed for statistical correlations between each variable.
Results
The survey of medical students revealed disadvantages including dizziness (dissatisfied and very dissatisfied: 21.5%) and eye fatigue (25% dissatisfied) and advantages including concentration (satisfied and very satisfied: 57.2%) and securing patient rights (71.4%). The students showed more positive than negative reviews regarding the new devices (32.1% vs. 21.5%).
Conclusions
We investigated the advantages and disadvantages of viewing the endoscope image with new wearable display glasses compared to the conventional method using the survey to record user experience. The results revealed relatively positive responses from the medical students in the survey. If the new device compensates for some shortcomings, its use in the endoscopy room will be feasible.
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Citations
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- A remote clinical clerkship program for severe COVID-19 in ICU using smart glasses: questionnaire survey
Nobuyuki Nosaka, Hideo Yamanouch, Kazuki Takada, Kenji Wakabayashi
Journal of the Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine.2023; 30(4): 261. CrossRef - Smart Glasses to Facilitate Ultrasound Guided Peripheral Intravenous Access in the Simulation Setting for Thai Emergency Medical Service Providers
Kamonwon Ienghong, Lap Woon Cheung, Pornpawit Wongwan, Korakot Apiratwarakul
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2023; Volume 16: 2201. CrossRef
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Novel Ablation Therapy Using Endoscopic Irreversible Electroporation in the Bile Duct: A Pilot Animal Study
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Kang Won Lee, Jae Min Lee, Hyuk Soon Choi, Eun Sun Kim, Bora Keum, Yeon Seok Seo, Yoon Tae Jeen, Soon Ho Um, Hong Sik Lee, Hoon Jai Chun, Chang Duck Kim, Chi Hyuk Oh, Hong Bae Kim
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Clin Endosc 2021;54(3):413-419. Published online October 20, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.126
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- Background
/Aims: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a relatively new ablation method. However, the application of IRE ablation in the treatment of biliary disease has not been attempted. A minimally invasive approach using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be a novel therapeutic modality for IRE ablation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of endoscopic IRE for the biliary tract using an animal model.
Methods
A new catheter-type electrode was developed for endoscopic IRE ablation of the biliary tract. We performed ERCP and endoscopic IRE ablations in the normal common bile duct of Yorkshire pigs. The experimental setting of IRE was 500 V/cm (50 pulses, 100-µs length). The animals were sacrificed after 24 hr, and the ablated bile duct was examined.
Results
Well-demarcated focal color changes were observed on the mucosa of the common bile duct. The depth of change after IRE was confined to the mucosal and submucosal layers. Apoptotic changes in the bile duct were observed only around the IRE ablation area. Immunohistochemistry assay showed cell death in the bile duct along the electrode.
Conclusions
Endoscopic IRE ablation using ERCP was successfully performed in the common bile duct. It can be a potential option for the treatment of biliary tumors.
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Citations
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- Balloon‐assisted laser application for endoscopic treatment of biliary stricture
Seonghee Lim, Van Gia Truong, Seok Jeong, Jiho Lee, Byeong‐il Lee, Hyun Wook Kang
Lasers in Surgery and Medicine.2023; 55(10): 912. CrossRef - Biliary complications and efficacy after ablation of peribiliary tumors using irreversible electroporation (IRE) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
Somrach Thamtorawat, Rujira Patanawanitkul, Satit Rojwatcharapibarn, Walailak Chaiyasoot, Trongtum Tongdee, Jirawadee Yodying, Sukrit Sorotpinya
International Journal of Hyperthermia.2022; 39(1): 751. CrossRef - Large Animal Models in Pancreas and Biliary Disease
Seok Jeong, Jin-Seok Park, Don Haeng Lee
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 77(3): 99. CrossRef - Comparison of four endoluminal radiofrequency ablation devices and four power generators in an ex vivo bovine liver model
Stephan Rheinheimer, Anna Jacobsen, Philipp Mayer, Hans-Ulrich Kauczor, Andreas Mahnken
World Academy of Sciences Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Case Report
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Primary Gastric Small Cell Carcinoma (Presenting as Linitis Plastica) Diagnosed Using Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy: A Case Report
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Ra Ri Cha, Jin Kyu Cho, Wan Soo Kim, Jin Joo Kim, Jae Min Lee, Sang Soo Lee, Hyun Jin Kim
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Clin Endosc 2019;52(3):278-282. Published online October 5, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.114
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- Small cell carcinomas are the most aggressive, highly malignant neuroendocrine tumors; among these, gastric small cell carcinoma (GSCC) is extremely rare. Here we report a case of a patient with primary GSCC, presenting as linitis plastic, who was diagnosed using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biopsy. With undiagnosed linitis plastica, an 80-year-old woman was referred to our institution. Abdominal computed tomography revealed irregular wall thickening extending from the gastric body to the antrum. Endoscopy suspected to have Borrmann type IV advanced gastric cancer. EUS of the stomach showed diffuse submucosal thickening of the gastric wall, mainly the antrum. EUS-guided bite-on-bite biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of GSCC. In general, GSCC is difficult to diagnose and careful examination is necessary to determine the therapeutic strategy; however, EUS is particularly helpful in the differential diagnosis of a lesion presenting as linitis plastica.
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Citations
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- An online tool for survival prediction of extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma with random forest
Xin Zhang
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Gastric linitis plastica due to signet-ring cell carcinoma with Krukenberg tumors diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration
Takeshi Okamoto, Hidekazu Suzuki, Katsuyuki Fukuda
Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 14(4): 994. CrossRef - A case report of advanced gastric small cell carcinoma with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical total gastrectomy
Bing Wang, Nanlin Jiao, Lianghui Shi
Asian Journal of Surgery.2020; 43(12): 1205. CrossRef
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Original Articles
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Is There a Change in Patient Preference for a Female Colonoscopist during the Last Decade in Korea?
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Jung Min Lee, Eun Sun Kim, Hoon Jai Chun, In Kyung Yoo, Jae Min Lee, Seung Han Kim, Hyuk Soon Choi, Bora Keum, Yeon Seok Seo, Hong Sik Lee, Yoon Tae Jeen, Jong-Jae Park, Sang Woo Lee, Soon Ho Um, Chang Duck Kim
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Clin Endosc 2018;51(1):72-79. Published online October 10, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2017.057
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Abstract
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- Background
/Aims: Patients may feel embarrassed during colonoscopy. Our study aimed to assess changes in patient preference, over the past decade, for the sex of their colonoscopist.
Methods
Prospective studies were performed at a single health center from July to September 2008, and from July to September 2016. Subjects included colonoscopy patients (2008: 354, 2016: 304) who were asked to complete a questionnaire before colonoscopy.
Results
In 2016, 69 patients (24.9%) expressed a sex preference, compared with 46 patients (14.6%) in 2008. By 2016, female patient preference for a female colonoscopist had significantly increased to 95% (odds ratio [OR], 2.678; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.418– 5.057; P=0.002). In multivariate analysis, patient sex (OR, 4.404; P=0.000), patient age (OR, 0.977; 95% CI, 0.961–0.992; P=0.004), and year of procedure (OR, 1.674; 95% CI, 1.028–2.752) were statistically significant factors in sex preference. Between 2008 and 2016, female patients preferred a female colonoscopist because of embarrassment. Male patients also preferred a male colonoscopist, and the primary reason shifted from expertise to patient embarrassment (2008: 29%, 2016: 63%).
Conclusions
Patients have an increased gender preference for the colonoscopist because of embarrassment. Taking this into account can increase patient satisfaction during colonoscopy.
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- Screening Perspectives: The Role of Colorectal Cancer Awareness in Shaping Attitudes Toward Colonoscopy in Palestine
Mohamedraed Elshami, Maram Albandak, Mohammed Alser, Ibrahim Al-Slaibi, Mohammed Ayyad, Mohammad F. Dwikat, Shoruq A. Naji, Balqees M. Mohamad, Wejdan S. Isleem, Adela Shurrab, Bashar Yaghi, Yahya Ayyash Qabaja, Fatma K. Hamdan, Raneen R. Sweity, Remah T.
JCO Global Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Female Endoscopists in Gastroenterology
Yeon Ji Kim
The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2024; 24(4): 385. CrossRef - Gender of endoscopist and endoscopy staff: Patient preference
Mayank Jain
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 42(1): 143. CrossRef - Sex/gender differences in gastrointestinal endoscopy from the perspective of patients and gastroenterologists
Nayoung Kim
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(3): 268. CrossRef - Canadian Gastroenterology Career Pathway Experiences: Exploring the Gender Divide
Noor Jawaid, Monica Boctor, Jordan LoMonaco, Natasha Bollegala
Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology.2022; 5(4): 177. CrossRef - Intentions to undergo primary screening with colonoscopy under the National Cancer Screening Program in Korea
Kyeongmin Lee, Haejoo Seo, Sunho Choe, Seung-Yong Jeong, Ji Won Park, Mina Suh, Aesun Shin, Kui Son Choi, Filipe Prazeres
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(2): e0247252. CrossRef - Does provider gender matter in endoscopy? An international perspective
Pascale Anglade, Halah Ibrahim, Sawsan Abdel-Razig
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2021; 93(5): 1160. CrossRef - Identifying Gender Barriers for Colorectal Cancer Screening and Assessing the Need for a Multigender Endoscopy Team: A Prospective Multicenter Study
Harshit S. Khara, Darshan Suthar, Marika Bergenstock, Andrea Berger, Jessica L. McKee, Dana Stewart, Samuel R. Theis, Michael Komar, Amitpal S. Johal, Diego R. Valencia Chavez, William B. Hale, Rakhee Mangla
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 116(8): 1646. CrossRef - Unique perspective of Muslim patients on gender preference for GI endoscopists: a multicenter survey
Lubna Kamani, Nazish Butt, Farheen Taufiq, Ana Garcia de Paredes, Elizabeth Rajan
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Gut and Liver.2019; 13(6): 649. CrossRef
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Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among Health-Care Workers of Endoscopy Units in Korea
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Seung-Joo Nam, Hoon Jai Chun, Jeong Seop Moon, Sung Chul Park, Young-Jae Hwang, In Kyung Yoo, Jae Min Lee, Seung Han Kim, Hyuk Soon Choi, Eun Sun Kim, Bora Keum, Yoon Tae Jeen, Hong Sik Lee, Chang Duck Kim
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Clin Endosc 2016;49(3):266-272. Published online February 22, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.085
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Abstract
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- Background
/Aims: The management of job-related stress among health-care workers is critical for the improvement of healthcare services; however, there is no existing research on endoscopy unit workers as a team. Korea has a unique health-care system for endoscopy unit workers. In this study, we aimed to estimate job stress and job satisfaction among health-care providers in endoscopy units in Korea.
Methods
We performed a cross-sectional survey of health-care providers in the endoscopy units of three university-affiliated hospitals in Korea. We analyzed the job stress levels by using the Korean occupational stress scale, contributing factors, and job satisfaction.
Results
Fifty-nine workers completed the self-administered questionnaires. The job stress scores for the endoscopy unit workers (46.39±7.81) were relatively lower compared to those of the national sample of Korean workers (51.23±8.83). Job stress differed across job positions, with nurses showing significantly higher levels of stress (48.92±7.97) compared to doctors (42.59±6.37). Job stress and job satisfaction were negatively correlated with each other (R2 =0.340, p<0.001).
Conclusions
An endoscopy unit is composed of a heterogeneous group of health-care professionals (i.e., nurses, fellows, and professors), and job stress and job satisfaction significantly differ according to job positions. Job demand, insufficient job control, and job insecurity are the most important stressors in the endoscopy unit.
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Ernest Darkwah, Francis Annor, Seth Oppong, Sylvia Hagan
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Yoewon Yoon, Soomin Shin, Seonwoo Lee
Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance.2024; : 1. CrossRef - Stress Is Associated with Quality of Life Reduction among Health Professionals in Vietnam: A Multisite Survey
Le Thi Kieu Hanh, Ngo Van Toan, Vu Minh Hai, Gianluca Rosso
Mental Illness.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef - The Relationship Between Occupational Stress and Turnover Intention Among Emergency Physicians: A Mediation Analysis
Nan Jiang, Hongling Zhang, Zhen Tan, Yanhong Gong, Mengge Tian, Yafei Wu, Jiali Zhang, Jing Wang, Zhenyuan Chen, Jianxiong Wu, Chuanzhu Lv, Xuan Zhou, Fengjie Yang, Xiaoxv Yin
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Assessing the organizational commitment, subjective vitality and burnout effects on turnover intention in private universities
Vishnu Parmar, Zahid Ali Channar, Rizwan Raheem Ahmed, Dalia Streimikiene, Munwar Hussain Pahi, Justas Streimikis
Oeconomia Copernicana.2022; 13(1): 251. CrossRef - The relationship between job stress and job burnout: the mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction
Fangyuan Wu, Zheng Ren, Qi Wang, Minfu He, Wenjing Xiong, Guodong Ma, Xinwen Fan, Xia Guo, Hongjian Liu, Xiumin Zhang
Psychology, Health & Medicine.2021; 26(2): 204. CrossRef - Unique expatriate factors associated with job dissatisfaction among nurses
S.M.B. Billah, N. Saquib, M.S. Zaghloul, A.M. Rajab, S.M.T. Aljundi, A. Almazrou, J. Saquib
International Nursing Review.2021; 68(3): 358. CrossRef - Development of a Nurse-Led Competency-Based Program for Therapeutic Endoscopy
Anne Embertson, Neysa Ernst, Janet Yoder, Libbie Monroe, MaryRose Hess
Gastroenterology Nursing.2020; 43(6): E217. CrossRef - Organizational Commitment and Job Burnout Effect on Turnover Intention Among Private Hospitals in Karachi
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JISR management and social sciences & economics.2019; 17(2): 204. CrossRef - Suriyeli Sığınmacı Kamplarının Bulunduğu İlçelerde Çalışan Sağlık Personelinin İş Stres Seviyesi: Şanlıurfa Örneği
Hüseyin ERİŞ, Suzan HAVLİOĞLU
Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2019; 16(3): 435. CrossRef - Needs assessment survey for simulation‐based training for gastrointestinal endoscopy nurses
Sol Yu, Young Sook Roh
Nursing & Health Sciences.2018; 20(2): 247. CrossRef - Now, It Is Time to Consider Job Stress in the Field of Gastroenterology
Young Joo Yang, Gwang Ho Baik
Clinical Endoscopy.2016; 49(3): 209. CrossRef - Insufficient Job Control among Gastroenterology Trainees: Time to Focus on the Science
Neel Sharma
Clinical Endoscopy.2016; 49(5): 492. CrossRef
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Case Report
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Ectopic Opening of the Common Bile Duct into the Duodenal Bulb Accompanied with Cholangitis and Gallbladder Cancer: A Report of Two Cases
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Jae Min Lee, Hong Jun Kim, Chang Yoon Ha, Hyun Ju Min, Hyunjin Kim, Tae Hyo Kim, Woon Tae Jung, Ok Jae Lee
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Clin Endosc 2015;48(3):260-264. Published online May 29, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.3.260
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Abstract
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An ectopic opening of the common bile duct (CBD) into the duodenal bulb is a very rare congenital anomaly of the biliary system, which may cause recurrent duodenal ulcer or biliary diseases such as choledocholithiasis and cholangitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) plays a major role in the diagnosis of this anomaly. We report two such cases: one in a 61-year-old man and the other in a 57-year-old man. In the first case, this anomaly caused acute cholangitis with multiple CBD stones, which were successfully treated by ERCP. In the second case, abdominal computed tomography showed pneumobilia, which was further evaluated using ERCP. Besides, this patient was diagnosed with an ectopic opening of the CBD associated with gallbladder cancer. We report these unusual cases and review the relevant medical literature.
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The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 84(3): 138. CrossRef - Ectopic ampulla with cholangitis: A case report
Kiran Shankar, Vikas Pemmada, Parvesh Kumar Jain
International Journal of Gastrointestinal Intervention.2024; 13(4): 133. CrossRef - Ectopic Opening of the Bile Duct Into the Duodenal Bulb: Complications of Biliary Drainage
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ACG Case Reports Journal.2023; 10(2): e00973. CrossRef - Seltene anatomische Variante im hepatobiliären System
Viliam Masaryk, Frank Meyer, Uwe Will
Die Chirurgie.2023; 94(7): 635. CrossRef - Ectopic papilla of Vater in the pylorus presenting with cholangitis: A case report with literature review
Taha Alkarboly, Dana T. Gharib, Karzan M. Salih, Shevan M. Mustafa, Abdulwahid M. Salih, Fahmi H. Kakamad
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2022; 93: 106887. CrossRef - Efficacy and safety of therapeutic ERCP in patients with ectopic papilla of Vater
Junbo Hong, Weiping Pan, Wei Zuo, Anjiang Wang, Liang Zhu, Xiaodong Zhou, Xiaojiang Zhou, Guohua Li, Zhijian Liu, Pi Liu, Hao Zhen, Yong Zhu, Jiuhong Ma, Jianhui Yuan, Xu Shu, Yin Zhu, Nonghua Lu, Youxiang Chen
Medicine.2020; 99(1): e18536. CrossRef - A unique case of a double common bile duct with ectopic drainage into the gastric antrum: a case report and review of the literature on double duct variants
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Journal of Surgical Case Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Ectopic Opening of the Common Bile Duct into the Duodenal Bulb: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management and Considerations for Timing of Surgery and Duration of Follow-up After Initial Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Bahtiyar Muhammedoğlu
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques.2019; 29(5): 399. CrossRef - Aberrant Opening of the Common Bile Duct with Precancerous Change
Min Kyu Kang, Kook Hyun Kim, Tae Nyeun Kim
The Korean Journal of Pancreas and Biliary Tract.2018; 23(1): 32. CrossRef - ERCP and Direct Cholangioscopy with Gastroscope in Patients with Ectopic Opening of the Bile Duct into the Duodenal Bulb: A Report of 3 Cases
Ji Woong Jang, Sae Hee Kim, Sung Hee Jung, Anna Kim
Korean Journal of Pancreas and Biliary Tract.2016; 21(2): 112. CrossRef
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