Review
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Endoscopic strategy and covered self-expandable metal stents for malignant hilar biliary obstruction
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Tae Hoon Lee, Jong Ho Moon, Sang-Heum Park
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Received September 19, 2025 Accepted October 16, 2025 Published online December 3, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2025.343
[Epub ahead of print]
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- Malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHO), most commonly caused by cholangiocarcinoma, is an aggressive condition with a poor prognosis. Because most patients with MHO are unsuitable for primary surgical resection at presentation because of advanced age or comorbidities, palliative biliary drainage is essential to relieve obstructive jaundice and improve the quality of life. Endoscopic drainage has become the preferred palliative approach, with the choice between plastic and metal stents depending on subsequent therapeutic plans, such as systemic chemotherapy or local ablative therapies. Among biliary stents, self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are widely used, typically in their uncovered form. However, unlike plastic stents, uncovered SEMSs cannot be removed once deployed, and endoscopic revision is technically challenging. To improve stent patency and facilitate removability, covered SEMSs (CSEMSs) were developed, and are now commonly used in distal malignant biliary obstruction. Nevertheless, in advanced MHO, the primary use of CSEMSs remains controversial. This review summarizes recent endoscopic strategies for advanced MHO, the evolution of CSEMSs, their clinical outcomes, current limitations, and future directions.
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- Application Progress of Biliary Stent in Internal Drainage for Unresectable Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
曈昕 刘
Advances in Clinical Medicine.2026; 16(04): 4301. CrossRef
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Commentarys
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Optimal Predictive Criteria for Common Bile Duct Stones: The Search Continues
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Yun Nah Lee, Jong Ho Moon
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Clin Endosc 2021;54(2):147-148. Published online March 22, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.080
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- Clinical outcomes of immediate, 24-h, and 24–72-h laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic stone clearance: a matched cohort analysis
Zhen Liu, Zhong Li, Dake Liu, Zhenduo Zhang, Liwei Wang, Yingxin Wang, Long Zhao, Ming Li
Surgical Endoscopy.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Predictors of Choledocholithiasis in Cholecystectomy Patients and Their Cutoff Values and Prediction Model in Korea in Comparison with the 2019 ASGE Guidelines
Jung Hun Woo, Hwanhyi Cho, Kihyun Ryu, Young Woo Choi, Sanghyuk Lee, Tae Hee Lee, Dae Sung Kim, In Seok Choi, Ju Ik Moon, Seung Jae Lee
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(6): 1060. CrossRef
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Focused Review Series: Current Status of Image-Enhanced Endoscopy (IEE)
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Role of Image-Enhanced Endoscopy in Pancreatobiliary Diseases
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Yun Nah Lee, Jong Ho Moon, Hyun Jong Choi
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Clin Endosc 2018;51(6):541-546. Published online November 30, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.203
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- Recent advances in cholangiopancreatoscopy technology permit image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) for pancreatobiliary diseases. There are limitations in endoscopy performance and in the study of the clinical role of IEE in bile duct or pancreatic duct diseases. However, currently available IEEs during cholangiopancreatoscopy including traditional dye-aided chromoendoscopy, autofluorescence imaging, narrow-band imaging, and i-Scan have been evaluated and reported previously. Although the clinical role of IEE in pancreatobiliary diseases should be verified in future studies, IEE is a useful promising tool in the evaluation of bile duct or pancreatic duct mucosal lesions.
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Chu-Ying Wu, Qi-Ming Huang, Kai Ye, Chun-Hao Xu
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2025; 30(4): 1. CrossRef - Detecting colorectal lesions with image-enhanced endoscopy: an updated review from clinical trials
Mizuki Nagai, Sho Suzuki, Yohei Minato, Fumiaki Ishibashi, Kentaro Mochida, Ken Ohata, Tetsuo Morishita
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Tsinrong Lee, Thomas Zheng Jie Teng, Vishal G Shelat
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Case Report
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Endoscopic Extraction of Biliary Fascioliasis Diagnosed Using Intraductal Ultrasonography in a Patient with Acute Cholangitis
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Ji Su Ha, Hyun Jong Choi, Jong Ho Moon, Yun Nah Lee, Jae Woong Tae, Moon Han Choi, Tae Hoon Lee, Sang-Woo Cha
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Clin Endosc 2015;48(6):579-582. Published online November 30, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.6.579
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- Fasciola hepatica infection may result in biliary obstruction with or without cholangitis in the chronic biliary phase. Because clinical symptoms and signs of F. hepatica are similar to other biliary diseases that cause bile duct obstruction, such as stones or bile duct malignancies, that are, in fact, more common, this condition may not be suspected and diagnosis may be overlooked and delayed. Patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic ultrasonography for the evaluation of bile duct obstruction may be incidentally detected with the worm, and diagnosis can be confirmed by extraction of the leaf-like trematode from the bile duct. Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) can provide high-resolution cross-sectional images of the bile duct, and is useful in evaluating indeterminate biliary diseases. We present a case of biliary fascioliasis that was diagnosed using IDUS and managed endoscopically in a patient with acute cholangitis.
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Anupam Kumar Singh, Jahnvi Dhar, Saroj Kant Sinha, Jayanta Samanta
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Melinda Tanabe, Maria Caravedo, A White, Miguel Cabada
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Jae Seung Lee
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Heung Up Kim
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Hyun Joon Park, Gil-Soon Choi, Minjung Jung, Sang Uk Lee
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Focused Review Series: Image Enhanced Endoscopy
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Advanced Imaging Technology in Biliary Tract Diseases:Narrow-Band Imaging of the Bile Duct
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Hyun Jong Choi, Jong Ho Moon, Yun Nah Lee
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Clin Endosc 2015;48(6):498-502. Published online November 30, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.6.498
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- Newly introduced direct peroral cholangioscopy and the development of video choledochoscopes have enabled more defined observation of bile duct mucosal lesions with clearer images. Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is a unique endoscopic imaging technology that provides enhanced endoscopic images of surface mucosal structures and its superficial microvessels. Advanced cholangioscopy and NBI are expected to be useful for precise evaluation and correct diagnosis of biliary tract diseases. However, the diagnostic value of advanced bile duct imaging with cholangioscopy requires further evaluation.
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Il Sang Shin, Jong Ho Moon, Yun Nah Lee, Jae Woo Park, Jun Chul Chung, Hee Kyung Kim, Tae Hoon Lee, Jae Kook Yang, Young Deok Cho, Sang-Heum Park
Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Comparison of disposable digital single-operator cholangioscopy versus direct peroral cholangioscopy for the diagnosis of intraductal superficial lesions of the bile duct
Il Sang Shin, Jong Ho Moon, Yun Nah Lee, Hee Kyung Kim, Jun Chul Chung, Tae Hoon Lee, Jae Kook Yang, Young Deok Cho, Sang-Heum Park
Endoscopy.2024; 56(10): 749. CrossRef - Detection and endoscopic classification of intraductal neoplasms of the bile duct by peroral cholangioscopy with narrow-band imaging (with videos)
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Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2023; 97(5): 898. CrossRef - Biliary Tree Diagnostics: Advances in Endoscopic Imaging and Tissue Sampling
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Original Article
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Twenty-Second versus Sixty-Second Dilation Duration in Endoscopic Papillary Balloon Dilation for the Treatment of Small Common Bile Duct Stones: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial
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Byoung Wook Bang, Tae Hoon Lee, Tae Jun Song, Joung-Ho Han, Hyun Jong Choi, Jong Ho Moon, Chang-Il Kwon, Seok Jeong
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Clin Endosc 2015;48(1):59-65. Published online January 31, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.1.59
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- Background/Aims
Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) has been advocated as an alternative therapy to endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones. However, there is no established consensus on the optimal balloon dilation duration (BDD). We prospectively evaluated the efficacy and post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) complications between the 20- and 60-second EPBD groups.
MethodsA total of 228 patients with small CBD stones (≤12 mm) were randomly assigned to undergo EPBD with a 20- or 60-second duration at six institutions. We evaluated baseline patient characteristics, endoscopic data, clinical outcomes, and procedure-related complications. In addition, we analyzed risk factors for postprocedural pancreatitis.
ResultsCBD stones were removed successfully in 107 of 109 patients (98.1%) in the 20-second group and in 112 of 119 patients (94.1%) in the 60-second group (p=0.146). Post-ERCP pancreatitis developed in seven patients (6.4%) in the 20-second group and nine patients (7.5%) in the 60-second group (p=0.408). In multivariate analysis, contrast dye injection into the pancreatic duct is a significant risk factor for post-EPBD pancreatitis.
ConclusionsBased on the data showing that there were no significant differences in safety and efficacy between the two BDD groups, 20 seconds of BDD may be adequate for treatment of small CBD stones with EPBD.
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Review
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Bilateral Metallic Stenting in Malignant Hilar Obstruction
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Tae Hoon Lee, Jong Ho Moon, Sang-Heum Park
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Clin Endosc 2014;47(5):440-446. Published online September 30, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2014.47.5.440
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Endoscopic palliative biliary drainage is considered as a gold standard treatment in advanced or inoperable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Also, metal stents are preferred over plastic stents in patients with >3 months life expectancy. However, the endoscopic intervention of advanced hilar obstruction is often more challenging and complex than that of distal malignant biliary obstructions. In this literature review, we describe the issues commonly encountered during endoscopic unilateral (single) versus bilateral (multiple) biliary stenting for malignant hilar obstruction. Also, we provide technical guidance to improve the technical success rates and patient outcomes, focusing on bilateral metallic stenting techniques such as stent-in-stent or side-by-side deployment.
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Commentary
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Endoscopic Diagnosis of Ampullary Tumors Using Conventional Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Intraductal Ultrasonography in the Era of Endoscopic Papillectomy: Advantages and Limitations
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Jong Ho Moon
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Clin Endosc 2014;47(2):127-128. Published online March 31, 2014
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Special Issue Article of IDEN 2013
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The Role of Direct Peroral Cholangioscopy Using an Ultraslim Endoscope for Biliary Lesions: Indications, Limitations, and Complications
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Jong Ho Moon, Hyun Jong Choi
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Clin Endosc 2013;46(5):537-539. Published online September 30, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.5.537
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Advantages of direct peroral cholangioscopy (POC) using an ultraslim endoscope include use of conventional endoscopy equipment, operation by a single endoscopist, and superior image quality of the biliary tree with easy application of enhanced endoscopy and a large working channel. The major diagnostic indications of this system are an evaluation of biliary strictures, filling defects, or unclear findings on cholangiogram or other imaging studies. Therapeutic application using a direct POC system can be broadened by a larger working channel. However, direct POC is difficult to apply in patients with a narrow diameter bile duct, far distal common bile duct lesion, or failed anchoring of the scope with accessories. An air embolism is a rare complication of direct POC but can be a fatal problem. Cholangitis can also occur during or after the procedure. Use of a CO2 system instead of room air during the POC procedure and administration of antibiotics before and after the procedure are strongly recommended. Continuous development of specialized endoscopes and accessories is expected to facilitate the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of direct POC.
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Original Article
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Endoscopic Ultrasound Elastography for the Pancreas in Korea: A Preliminary Single Center Study
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Tae Hee Lee, Young Deok Cho, Sang-Woo Cha, Joo Young Cho, Jae Young Jang, Soung Won Jeong, Hyun Jong Choi, Jong Ho Moon
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Clin Endosc 2013;46(2):172-177. Published online March 31, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.2.172
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Abstract
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- Background/Aims
Endoscopic ultrasound elastography (EUS-EG) has been widely used for the evaluation of pancreatic cancer in the Western world. To date, there is very little experience with EUS-EG in Korea. We described the results of comparison between normal pancreas and pancreatic cancer in Korea.
MethodsThe present study was performed at a tertiary hospital on 35 subjects comprising 20 with normal pancreas (control group) and 15 with pancreatic cancer (disease group). We compared the EUS-EG performance of the two groups.
ResultsThe pancreas in the control group showed a mean elasticity value of 0.53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45 to 0.61). The elasticity value was higher than that previously reported from Western country (0.47%; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.57). In the disease group, the mean elasticity value of pancreatic lesions was 0.02% (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.02). The mean elasticity value of the disease group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.0001).
ConclusionsEUS-EG could be a highly sensitive diagnostic modality for pancreatic cancer in Korea with little EUS-EG experience. We also provided the reference range of elasticity value of normal pancreas, which might be valuable in the interpretation of pancreatic elasticity data for Korean adults.
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Case Report
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Aortoenteric Fistula Diagnosed by Double Balloon Enteroscopy: A Case Report
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Hyung Geun Yoon, Bong Min Ko, Jae Woong Tae, Su Jin Hong, Jong Ho Moon, Jin Oh Kim, Joon Seong Lee, Moon Sung Lee
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Clin Endosc 2013;46(1):106-109. Published online January 31, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.106
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Abstract
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A secondary aortoenteric fistula (AEF) is a direct communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the aorta in a patient who has undergone major surgery on the aorta, often an aorta graft operation. We experienced a patient who had undergone graft interposition for abdominal aortic aneurysm and was admitted due to three episodes of hematemesis and following hamatochezia. Gastroscopy, colonoscopy, and radioactive iodine scan failed to identify the bleeding site in the patient. He was diagnosed with AEF by double balloon enteroscopy and recovered after surgical intervention.
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