Focused Review Series: Advances in the management of upper GI SET
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Current Guidelines in the Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Subepithelial Tumors
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Jin Woong Cho, the Korean ESD Study Group
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Clin Endosc 2016;49(3):235-240. Published online February 22, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.096
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Abstract
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- Subepithelial tumors are frequently found in asymptomatic patients in Japan and Korea where cancer screening tests routinely include endoscopy. Most lesions are asymptomatic and clinically insignificant. However, carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, glomus tumor and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are malignant or have the potential to become malignant. Inflammation due to parasitic infestation by Anisakis and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas in the stomach rarely present as subepithelial lesions. In contrast to the frequency of gastric GIST in the gastrointestinal system, they are uncommon in the duodenum and very rare in the esophagus. The prognosis of patients with GISTs in the stomach is relatively good compared with GISTs in other organs. Along with the location of the tumor, its size and mitotic count are major factors that determine the malignant potential of GIST. Small (<2 cm) asymptomatic GISTs usually have benign clinical course. GIST is the most common subepithelial tumor to occur in the stomach. Although various methods are employed to diagnose GISTs, the risk of GIST metastasis cannot be accurately predicted before lesions are completely resected. Recently, new endoscopic diagnostic methods and treatment techniques have been developed that allow the diagnosis and resection of lesions located in the muscularis propria, without any complications. These endoscopic methods have different indications depending on regions where they are performed.
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Lymph Node Metastases in Esophageal Carcinoma: An Endoscopist's View
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Jin Woong Cho, Suck Chei Choi, Jae Young Jang, Sung Kwan Shin, Kee Don Choi, Jun Haeng Lee, Sang Gyun Kim, Jae Kyu Sung, Seong Woo Jeon, Il Ju Choi, Gwang Ha Kim, Sam Ryong Jee, Wan Sik Lee, Hwoon-Yong Jung, Korean ESD Study Group
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Clin Endosc 2014;47(6):523-529. Published online November 30, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2014.47.6.523
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One of the most important prognostic factors in esophageal carcinoma is lymph node metastasis, and in particular, the number of affected lymph nodes, which influences long-term outcomes. The esophageal lymphatic system is connected longitudinally and transversally; thus, the pattern of lymph node metastases is very complex. Early esophageal cancer frequently exhibits skipped metastasis, and minimal surgery using sentinel node navigation cannot be performed. In Korea, most esophageal cancer cases are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), although the incidence of adenocarcinoma has started to increase recently. Most previous reports have failed to differentiate between SCC and adenocarcinoma, despite the fact that the Union for International Cancer Control (7th edition) and American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems both consider these separately because they differ in cause, biology, lymph node metastasis, and outcome. Endoscopic tumor resection is an effective and safe treatment for lesions with no associated lymph node metastasis. Esophageal mucosal cancer confined to the lamina propria is an absolute indication for endoscopic resection, and a lesion that has invaded the muscularis mucosae can be cured by local resection if invasion to the lymphatic system has not occurred.
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Stricture Occurring after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Esophageal and Gastric Tumors
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Gwang Ha Kim, Sam Ryong Jee, Jae Young Jang, Sung Kwan Shin, Kee Don Choi, Jun Haeng Lee, Sang Gyun Kim, Jae Kyu Sung, Suck Chei Choi, Seong Woo Jeon, Byung Ik Jang, Kyu Chan Huh, Dong Kyung Chang, Sung-Ae Jung, Bora Keum, Jin Woong Cho, Il Ju Choi, Hwoon-Yong Jung, Korean ESD Study Group
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Clin Endosc 2014;47(6):516-522. Published online November 30, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2014.47.6.516
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Abstract
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Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a widely accepted treatment for early gastric and esophageal cancer. Compared to endoscopic mucosal resection, ESD has the advantage of enabling en bloc removal of tumors regardless of their size. However, ESD can result in a large artificial ulcer, which may lead to a considerable deformity. Circumferential mucosal defects of more than three-fourths the esophageal circumference, long longitudinal mucosal defects (>30 mm), and lesions in the upper esophagus are significant risk factors for the development of post-ESD strictures of the esophagus. In the stomach, a circumferential mucosal defects more than three-fourths in extent and longitudinal mucosal defects >5 cm are risk factors of post-ESD stricture. If scheduled early, regular endoscopic balloon dilation is effective in controlling and preventing post-ESD stricture. Moreover, intralesional steroid injections or oral steroids can achieve remission of dysphagia or reduce the need for repeated endoscopic balloon dilation. However, further study is needed to improve the prevention of stricture formation.
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