Review
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An Update on Endoscopic Management of Post-Liver Transplant Biliary Complications
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Hyun Woo Lee, Najmul Hassan Shah, Sung Koo Lee
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Clin Endosc 2017;50(5):451-463. Published online April 17, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2016.139
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Abstract
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- Biliary complications are the most common post-liver transplant (LT) complications with an incidence of 15%–45%. Furthermore, such complications are reported more frequently in patients who undergo a living-donor LT (LDLT) compared to a deceased-donor LT (DDLT). Most post-LT biliary complications involve biliary strictures, bile leakage, and biliary stones, although many rarer events, such as hemobilia and foreign bodies, contribute to a long list of related conditions. Endoscopic treatment of post-LT biliary complications has evolved rapidly, with new and effective tools improving both outcomes and success rates; in fact, the latter now consistently reach up to 80%. In this regard, conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains the preferred initial treatment. However, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) is now central to the management of endoscopy-resistant cases involving complex hilar or multiple strictures with associated stones. Many additional endoscopic tools and techniques—such as the rendezvous method, magnetic compression anastomosis (MCA), and peroral cholangioscopy (POCS)—combined with modified biliary stents have significantly improved the success rate of endoscopic management. Here, we review the current status of endoscopic treatment of post-LT biliary complications and discuss conventional as well as the aforementioned new tools and techniques.
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Original Articles
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The Clinical Usefulness of Simultaneous Placement of Double Endoscopic Nasobiliary Biliary Drainage
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Hong Jun Kim, Sung Koo Lee, Choong Heon Ryu, Do Hyun Park, Sang Soo Lee, Dong Wan Seo, Myung-Hwan Kim
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Clin Endosc 2015;48(6):542-548. Published online November 30, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.6.542
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Abstract
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- Background
/Aims: To evaluate the technical feasibility and clinical efficacy of double endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) as a new method of draining multiple bile duct obstructions.
Methods
A total of 38 patients who underwent double ENBD between January 2004 and February 2010 at the Asan Medical Center were retrospectively analyzed. We evaluated indications, laboratory results, and the clinical course.
Results
Of the 38 patients who underwent double ENBD, 20 (52.6%) had Klatskin tumors, 12 (31.6%) had hepatocellular carcinoma, 3 (7.9%) had strictures at the anastomotic site following liver transplantation, and 3 (7.9%) had acute cholecystitis combined with cholangitis. Double ENBD was performed to relieve multiple biliary obstruction in 21 patients (55.1%), drain contrast agent filled during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in 4 (10.5%), obtain cholangiography in 4 (10.5%), drain hemobilia in 3 (7.9%), relieve Mirizzi syndrome with cholangitis in 3 (7.9%), and relieve jaundice in 3 (7.9%).
Conclusions
Double ENBD may be useful in patients with multiple biliary obstructions.
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Citations
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- High-throughput metabolomics reveals the perturbed metabolic pathways and biomarkers of Yang Huang syndrome as potential targets for evaluating the therapeutic effects and mechanism of geniposide
Heng Fang, Aihua Zhang, Xiaohang Zhou, Jingbo Yu, Qi Song, Xijun Wang
Frontiers of Medicine.2020; 14(5): 651. CrossRef - Can Endoscopic Nasobiliary Drainage Involving Two Catheters Be Used to Treat Various Conditions?
Dong Wook Lee, Ho Gak Kim
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Endoscopic Ultrasonography-Guided Ethanol Ablation for Small Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Results of a Pilot Study
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Do Hyun Park, Jun-Ho Choi, Dongwook Oh, Sang Soo Lee, Dong-Wan Seo, Sung Koo Lee, Myung-Hwan Kim
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Clin Endosc 2015;48(2):158-164. Published online March 27, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.2.158
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Abstract
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- Background/Aims
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided ethanol ablation is gaining popularity for the treatment of focal pancreatic lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and treatment response after EUS-guided ethanol injection for small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (p-NETs).
MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database including 11 consecutive patients with p-NETs who underwent EUS-guided ethanol injection.
ResultsEUS-guided ethanol injection was successfully performed in 11 patients with 14 tumors. The final diagnosis was based on histology and clinical signs as follows: 10 non-functioning neuroendocrine tumors and four insulinomas. During follow-up (median, 370 days; range, 152 to 730 days), 10 patients underwent clinical follow-up after treatment, and one patient was excluded because of loss to follow-up. A single treatment session with an injection of 0.5 to 3.8 mL of ethanol resulted in complete responses (CRs) at the 3-month radiologic imaging for seven of 13 tumors (response rate, 53.8%). Multiple treatment sessions performed in three tumors with residual viable enhancing tissue increased the number of tumors with CRs to eight of 13 (response rate, 61.5%). Mild pancreatitis occurred in three of 11 patients.
ConclusionsEUS-guided ethanol injection appears to be a safe, feasible, and potentially effective method for treating small p-NETs in patients who are poor surgical candidates.
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Comparison between Midazolam Used Alone and in Combination with Propofol for Sedation during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
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Yu Seok Kim, Myung-Hwan Kim, Seung Uk Jeong, Byung Uk Lee, Sang Soo Lee, Do Hyun Park, Dong-Wan Seo, Sung Koo Lee
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Clin Endosc 2014;47(1):94-100. Published online January 24, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2014.47.1.94
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- Background/Aims
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an uncomfortable procedure that requires adequate sedation for its successful conduction. We investigated the efficacy and safety of the combined use of intravenous midazolam and propofol for sedation during ERCP.
MethodsA retrospective review of patient records from a single tertiary care hospital was performed. Ninety-four patients undergoing ERCP received one of the two medication regimens, which was administered by a nurse under the supervision of a gastroenterologist. Patients in the midazolam (M) group (n=44) received only intravenous midazolam, which was titrated to achieve deep sedation. Patients in the midazolam pulse propofol (MP) group (n=50) initially received an intravenous combination of midazolam and propofol, and then propofol was titrated to achieve deep sedation.
ResultsThe time to the initial sedation was shorter in the MP group than in the M group (1.13 minutes vs. 1.84 minutes, respectively; p<0.001). The recovery time was faster in the MP group than in the M group (p=0.031). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to frequency of adverse events, pain experienced by the patient, patient discomfort, degree of amnesia, and gag reflex. Patient cooperation, rated by the endoscopist as excellent, was greater in the MP group than in the M group (p=0.046).
ConclusionsThe combined use of intravenous midazolam and propofol for sedation during ERCP is more effective than midazolam alone. There is no difference in the safety of the procedure.
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Histological Changes in the Bile Duct after Long-Term Placement of a Fully Covered Self-Expandable Metal Stent within a Common Bile Duct: A Canine Study
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Sang Soo Lee, Tae Jun Song, Mee Joo, Do Hyun Park, Dong Wan Seo, Sung Koo Lee, Myung-Hwan Kim
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Clin Endosc 2014;47(1):84-93. Published online January 24, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2014.47.1.84
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Abstract
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- Background/Aims
To date, it has been difficult to determine the optimal stenting duration of a fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) in a benign biliary stricture. The purpose of this study was to identify the histopathological changes in a bile duct resulting from long-term placement of a FCSEMS.
MethodsAn FCSEMS was inserted into the common bile duct of 12 canines, and the animals were divided into four groups. Posteuthanasia, necropsy was performed to examine the histopathological changes in the bile ducts after 1, 3, 6, and 9 months.
ResultsThe results of necropsy showed that the covered membranes of the FCSEMSs were intact and easily removed from the bile ducts in 11 of the canines. Severe epithelial hyperplasia of the stented bile duct and epithelial ingrowth into the stent occurred in one animal (from the 3-month group). On histopathological examination, mild inflammatory changes were observed in the stented bile ducts, and there was no significant difference between the four groups. Among the 12 animals, five had de novo stricture.
ConclusionsAn FCSEMS can be inserted into the bile duct without severe histopathological changes up until 9 months. However, a de novo stricture and severe epithelial hyperplasia relating to the stent insertion might occur.
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Special Issue Article of IDEN 2013
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Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangioscopy: Does Its Role Still Exist?
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Joon Hyuk Choi, Sung Koo Lee
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Clin Endosc 2013;46(5):529-536. Published online September 30, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.5.529
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Abstract
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Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) is the most widely used modality for diagnosis and treatment of biliary disease. Although many other novel technologies have been developed based on recent advances in endoscopy, PTCS has its own role. In diagnostics, PTCS is used for evaluation of indeterminate biliary strictures, bile duct tumors, and postoperative biliary strictures that cannot be reached by a peroral approach. In therapeutics, the removal of bile duct stones, dilatation of bile duct strictures including postoperative anastomosis site strictures, and local tumor therapy are indications of PTCS. Especially in a therapeutic role, PTCS has the advantage of maneuverability due to a shorter endoscopic length compared to other cholangioscopic modalities. Hence, PTCS has its own indispensable diagnostic and therapeutic roles.
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