Clinical Endoscopy

Review

Post-polypectomy colorectal bleeding: current strategies and the way forward: Nilanga Nishad, Mo Hameed Thoufeeq; Received September 3, 2024 Accepted September 23, 2024 Published online November 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.241 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Post-endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) bleeding, or clinically significant post-EMR bleeding, is influenced by factors such as polyp size, right-sided colonic lesions, laterally spreading tumors, anticoagulant use, and comorbidities like cardiovascular or chronic renal disease. The optimal prophylactic therapy for post-EMR bleeding remains unknown, with no consensus on specific criteria for its application. Moreover, prophylactic measures, including clipping, suturing, and coagulation, have produced mixed results. Selective clipping in high-risk patients is cost-effective, whereas universal clipping is not. Studies and meta-analyses indicate that routine prophylactic clipping does not generally reduce post-polypectomy bleeding but may be beneficial in cases of large proximal lesions. Some studies have revealed that the post-polypectomy bleeding risk after EMR of transverse colonic lesions is lower than that of the ascending colon and caecum, suggesting limited efficacy of clipping in the transverse colon. Cost-effectiveness studies support selective clipping in high-risk groups, and newer static agents such as PuraStat are alternatives; however, their cost-effectiveness is undetermined. Further research is required to establish clear guidelines and refine prophylactic strategies to prevent post-EMR bleeding.

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Original Articles

Current status and clinical outcome of endoscopic hemostatic powder in gastrointestinal bleeding: a retrospective multicenter study: Zie Hae Lim, Seung In Seo, Dae-Seong Myung, Seung Han Kim, Han Hee Lee, Selen Kim, Bo-In Lee; Clin Endosc 2024;57(5):620-627. Published online March 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.179

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Few multicenter studies have investigated the efficacy of hemostatic powders in gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. We aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of hemostatic powder therapy and the independent factors affecting rebleeding rates.
Methods
We retrospectively recruited patients who underwent a new hemostatic adhesive powder (UI-EWD; Next-Biomedical) treatment for upper and lower GI bleeding between January 1, 2020 and March 1, 2023. We collected patients’ medical records and bleeding lesions. The primary outcomes were clinical and technical success rates, and the secondary outcomes were early, delayed, and refractory bleeding, mortality, and factors affecting early rebleeding rates.
Results
This study enrolled 135 patients (age: 67.7±13.6 years, male: 74.1%) from five hospitals. Indications for UI-EWD were peptic ulcers (51.1%), post-procedure-related bleeding (23.0%), and tumor bleeding (19.3%). The clinical and technical success rates were both 97%. The early, delayed, and refractory rebleeding rates were 19.3%, 11.1%, and 12.8%, respectively. Initially elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels (p=0.014) and Forrest classification IA or IB compared with IIA or IIB (p=0.036) were factors affecting early rebleeding.
Conclusions
UI-EWD showed high clinical and technical success rates; however, rebleeding after UI-EWD therapy in patients with initially high BUN levels and active bleeding, according to the Forrest classification, should be considered.

Citations

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Endoscopic hemostatic powder as a salvage treatment for acute gastrointestinal bleeding
Duc Trong Quach
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(5): 606. CrossRef

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Clinical outcomes of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in nonagenarians and octogenarians: a comparative nationwide analysis: Khaled Elfert, James Love, Esraa Elromisy, Fouad Jaber, Suresh Nayudu, Sammy Ho, Michel Kahaleh; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):342-349. Published online February 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.130

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Nonagenarians will purportedly account for 10% of the United States population by 2050. However, no studies have assessed the outcomes of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) in this age group.
Methods
The National Inpatient Sample database between 2016 and 2020 was used to compare the clinical outcomes of NVUGIB in nonagenarians and octogenarians and evaluate predictors of mortality and the use of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).
Results
Nonagenarians had higher in-hospital mortality than that of octogenarians (4% vs. 3%, p<0.001). EGD utilization (30% vs. 48%, p<0.001) and blood transfusion (27% vs. 40%, p<0.001) was significantly lower in nonagenarians. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that nonagenarians with NVUGIB had higher odds of mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–1.7) and lower odds of EGD utilization (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.83–0.89) than those of octogenarians.
Conclusions
Nonagenarians admitted with NVUGIB have a higher mortality risk than that of octogenarians. EGD is used significantly in managing NVUGIB among nonagenarians; however, its utilization is comparatively lower than in octogenarians. More studies are needed to assess predictors of poor outcomes and the indications of EGD in this growing population.

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Review

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related complications: risk stratification, prevention, and management: Clement Chun Ho Wu, Samuel Jun Ming Lim, Christopher Jen Lock Khor; Clin Endosc 2023;56(4):433-445. Published online July 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.013

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) plays a crucial role in the management of pancreaticobiliary disorders. Although the ERCP technique has been refined over the past five decades, it remains one of the endoscopic procedures with the highest rate of complications. Risk factors for ERCP-related complications are broadly classified into patient-, procedure-, and operator-related risk factors. Although non-modifiable, patient-related risk factors allow for the closer monitoring and instatement of preventive measures. Post-ERCP pancreatitis is the most common complication of ERCP. Risk reduction strategies include intravenous hydration, rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and pancreatic stent placement in selected patients. Perforation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and prompt recognition and treatment of ERCP-related perforations are key to ensuring good clinical outcomes. Endoscopy plays an expanding role in the treatment of perforations. Specific management strategies depend on the location of the perforation and the patient’s clinical status. The risk of post-ERCP bleeding can be attenuated by preprocedural optimization and adoption of intra-procedural techniques. Endoscopic measures are the mainstay of management for post-ERCP bleeding. Escalation to angioembolization or surgery may be required for refractory bleeding. Post-ERCP cholangitis can be reduced with antibiotic prophylaxis in high risk patients. Bile culture-directed therapy plays an important role in antimicrobial treatment.

Citations

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Prevention of post-ERCP complications
Lotfi Triki, Andrea Tringali, Marianna Arvanitakis, Tommaso Schepis
Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology.2024; 69: 101906. CrossRef
International Digestive Endoscopy Network consensus on the management of antithrombotic agents in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy
Seung Joo Kang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Seok Bang, Cheol Min Shin, Young-Hoon Jeong, Miyoung Choi, Joo Ha Hwang, Yutaka Saito, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Christopher Khor, Vu Van Khien, Kee Don Choi, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Oh Young Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(2): 141. CrossRef
Double-guidewire technique for selective biliary cannulation does not increase the rate of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in patients with naïve papilla
Han Taek Jeong, June Hwa Bae, Ho Gak Kim, Jimin Han
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(2): 226. CrossRef
Computed tomography-based prediction of pancreatitis following biliary metal stent placement with the convolutional neural network
Tsuyoshi Hamada, Koichiro Yasaka, Yousuke Nakai, Rintaro Fukuda, Ryunosuke Hakuta, Kazunaga Ishigaki, Sachiko Kanai, Kensaku Noguchi, Hiroki Oyama, Tomotaka Saito, Tatsuya Sato, Tatsunori Suzuki, Naminatsu Takahara, Hiroyuki Isayama, Osamu Abe, Mitsuhiro
Endoscopy International Open.2024; 12(06): E772. CrossRef
IDEN Consensus on Management of Antithrombotic Agents in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Seung Joo Kang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Seok Bang, Cheol Min Shin, Young-Hoon Jeong, Miyoung Choi, Joo Ha Hwang, Yutaka Saito, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Christopher Khor, Vu Van Khien, Kee Don Choi, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Oh Young Lee
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 83(6): 217. CrossRef
International Digestive Endoscopy Network Consensus on the Management of Antithrombotic Agents in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Seung Joo Kang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Seok Bang, Cheol Min Shin, Young-Hoon Jeong, Miyoung Choi, Joo Ha Hwang, Yutaka Saito, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Christopher Khor, Vu Van Khien, Kee Don Choi, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Oh Young Lee
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(5): 764. CrossRef
Risk factors for acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a retrospective single-center study
I.М. Mamontov, D.D. Rjabushhenko, Т.І. Tamm, К.О. Kramarenko, V.V. Nepomniashchyi, A.T. Ustinov
Український радіологічний та онкологічний журнал.2024; 32(3): 287. CrossRef
Comparison of the incidence of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in patients with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis
Fang Jia, Fujing Lv, Shutian Zhang
Surgical Endoscopy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Could assessment of genetic susceptibility be an effective solution to prevent pancreatitis from occurring after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography?
Jae Min Lee
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2023; 38(6): 783. CrossRef

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Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in cirrhosis compared to non-cirrhosis and effect of Child-Pugh score on post-ERCP complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Zahid Ijaz Tarar, Umer Farooq, Mustafa Gandhi, Saad Saleem, Ebubekir Daglilar; Clin Endosc 2023;56(5):578-589. Published online May 2, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.027

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: The safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in hepatic cirrhosis and the impact of Child-Pugh class on post-ERCP complications need to be better studied. We investigated the post-ERCP complication rates in patients with cirrhosis compared with those without cirrhosis.
Methods
We conducted a literature search of relevant databases to identify studies that reported post-ERCP complications in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.
Results
Twenty-four studies comprising 28,201 patients were included. The pooled incidence of post-ERCP complications in cirrhosis was 15.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.8%–19.2%; I2=96.2%), with an individual pooled incidence of pancreatitis 5.1% (95% CI, 3.1%–7.2%; I2=91.5%), bleeding 3.6% (95% CI, 2.8%–4.5%; I2=67.5%), cholangitis 2.9% (95% CI, 1.9%–3.8%; I2=83.4%), and perforation 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1%–0.5%; I2=3.7%). Patients with cirrhosis had a greater risk of post-ERCP complications (risk ratio [RR], 1.41; 95% CI, 1.16–1.71; I2=56.3%). The risk of individual odds of adverse events between cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis was as follows: pancreatitis (RR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.06–1.48; I2=24.8%), bleeding (RR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.59–2.37; I2=0%), cholangitis (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.77–1.70; I2=12%), and perforation (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.59–2.43; I2=0%).
Conclusions
Cirrhosis is associated with an increased risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis, bleeding, and cholangitis.

Citations

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The Impact of Frailty on ERCP-Related Adverse Events: Findings From a National Cohort
Umer Farooq, Zahid Ijaz Tarar, Abdallah El Alayli, Faisal Kamal, Alexander Schlachterman, Anand Kumar, David E. Loren, Thomas E. Kowalski
Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2024; 26(2): 138. CrossRef
Applicability of Child-Turcotte-Pugh Score in Anticipating Post-ERCP Adverse Events in Patients With Cirrhosis
Saqr Alsakarneh, Fouad Jaber, Willie Mohammed, Mohammad Almeqdadi, Abdallah Al-Ani, Yassine Kilani, Saeed Abughazaleh, Laith Momani, Muhammad Shah Miran, Hassan Ghoz, John Helzberg, Wendell Clarkston, Mohamed Othman
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Quality Indicators of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Korea
Hyung Ku Chon, Ki-Hyun Kim, Tae Jun Song, Dong-Won Ahn, Eaum Seok Lee, Yun Nah Lee, Yoon Suk Lee, Tae Joo Jeon, Chang Hwan Park, Kwang Bum Cho, Dong Wook Lee, Jin-Seok Park, Seung Bae Yoon, Kwang Hyun Chung, Jin Lee, Miyoung Choi
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(4): 564. CrossRef
Quality Indicators of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Korea
Ki-Hyun Kim, Hyung Ku Chon, Tae Jun Song, Dong Won Ahn, Eaum Seok Lee, Yun Nah Lee, Yoon Suk Lee, Tae Joo Jeon, Chang Hwan Park, Kwang Bum Cho, Dong Wook Lee, Jin-Seok Park, Seung Bae Yoon, Kwang Hyung Chung, Jin Lee, Miyoung Choi
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 84(3): 111. CrossRef
Quality Indicators of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Korea
Ki-Hyun Kim, Hyung Ku Chon, Tae Jun Song, Dong Won Ahn, Eaum Seok Lee, Yun Nah Lee, Yoon Suk Lee, Tae Joo Jeon, Chang Hwan Park, Kwang Bum Cho, Dong Wook Lee, Jin-Seok Park, Seung Bae Yoon, Kwang Hyung Chung, Jin Lee, Miyoung Choi
The Korean Journal of Pancreas and Biliary Tract.2024; 29(4): 144. CrossRef
ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS IN OLDER PATIENTS
Júlia Gardenyes, Pere Roura, Helena Vallverdú-Cartie, Judit Hermoso-Bosch, Cl�udia Roca, Mariona Espaulella, Antoni Casals, Héctor Ivo Marani, Joan Saló, Martín Galdín, Marta Gallach, Carles Leal
Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Review

Endoscopic clipping in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding treatment: Giuseppe Galloro, Angelo Zullo, Gaetano Luglio, Alessia Chini, Donato Alessandro Telesca, Rosa Maione, Matteo Pollastro, Giovanni Domenico De Palma, Raffaele Manta; Clin Endosc 2022;55(3):339-346. Published online April 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.249

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