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29 "Cholecystitis"
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Original Articles
Potential of 6-mm-diameter fully covered self-expandable metal stents for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction: a propensity score-matched study
Daiki Yamashige, Susumu Hijioka, Yoshikuni Nagashio, Yuta Maruki, Soma Fukuda, Shin Yagi, Kohei Okamoto, Hidenobu Hara, Yuya Hagiwara, Daiki Agarie, Tetsuro Takasaki, Akihiro Ohba, Shunsuke Kondo, Chigusa Morizane, Hideki Ueno, Miyuki Sone, Yutaka Saito, Takuji Okusaka
Clin Endosc 2025;58(1):121-133.   Published online July 29, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.044
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: To date, only thinner-diameter metal stents have been evaluated for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction (UR-MDBO). This study investigated the outcomes and optimal cohorts for a 6-mm-diameter fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) compared with those for a 10-mm-diameter FCSEMS.
Methods
This single-center retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent initial transpapillary metal stenting for UR-MDBO. Propensity score matching (1:1) analysis was performed.
Results
Of 133/68 patients who underwent 6-mm/10-mm-diameter FCSEMS deployment, 59 in each group were selected. The median time to recurrent biliary obstruction was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.46). In contrast, use of the 6-mm-diameter FCSEMS resulted in a significantly reduced incidence of stent-related adverse events (AEs) (p=0.016), especially cholecystitis (p=0.032), and patients aged <70 years were particularly affected by this significant reduction. Among the patients in the end-stage cohort who were unable to continue chemotherapy after FCSEMS deployment, the free rate of stent-related events, including recurrent biliary obstruction and stent-related AEs, was significantly higher in the 6-mm group (p=0.027).
Conclusions
For UR-MDBO, a 6-mm-diameter FCSEMS can be an optimal and safe option in the younger cohort with a relatively high risk of AEs and in the end-stage cohort requiring safer drainage without interference from stent-related events during times of poor prognosis.
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  • 265 Download
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Clinical outcomes of permanent stenting with endoscopic ultrasound gallbladder drainage
Eisuke Suzuki, Yuji Fujita, Kunihiro Hosono, Yuji Koyama, Seitaro Tsujino, Takuma Teratani, Atsushi Nakajima, Nobuyuki Matsuhashi
Clin Endosc 2023;56(5):650-657.   Published online April 5, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.190
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) is gaining attention as a treatment method for cholecystitis. However, only a few studies have assessed the outcomes of permanent stenting with EUS-GBD. Therefore, we evaluated the clinical outcomes of permanent stenting using EUS-GBD.
Methods
This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study. The criteria for EUS-GBD at our institution are a high risk for surgery, inability to perform surgery owing to poor performance status, and inability to obtain consent for emergency surgery. EUS-GBD was performed using a 7-Fr double-pigtail plastic stent with a dilating device. The primary outcomes were the recurrence-free rate of cholecystitis and the late-stage complication-avoidance rate. Secondary outcomes were technical success, clinical success, and procedural adverse events.
Results
A total of 41 patients were included in the analysis. The median follow-up period was 168 (range, 10–1,238) days. The recurrence-free and late-stage complication-avoidance rates during the follow-up period were 95% (38 cases) and 90% (36 cases), respectively. There were only two cases of cholecystitis recurrence during the study period.
Conclusions
EUS-GBD using double-pigtail plastic stent was safe and effective with few complications, even in the long term, in patients with acute cholecystitis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Revolutionizing outcomes: endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage using innovative electrocautery enhanced-lumen apposing metal stents for high-risk surgical patients
    Hyung Ku Chon, Yun Chae Lee, Tae Hyeon Kim, Seung Ok Lee, Seong-Hun Kim
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 3,241 View
  • 118 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
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Case Report
Single-pigtail plastic stent made from endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tubes in endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage: a retrospective case series
Koichi Soga
Clin Endosc 2024;57(2):263-267.   Published online April 4, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.213
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Technical failure of endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) is often attributed to device failure. To rectify this problem, we developed a single-pigtail plastic stent (SPPS) for EUS-GBD. We retrospectively reviewed the cases of four patients who underwent EUS-GBD for acute cholecystitis. To prepare the SPPS, a 7.5-Fr endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tube was cut to an appropriate length. The use of SPPS during EUS-GBD was successful from both technical and clinical standpoints. The SPPS spontaneously detached 57 days after the procedure in patient 4 and 412 days after the procedure in patient 1. Patient 1 developed cholecystitis after 426 days and was managed with antibiotics. The other three patients did not develop any complications after surgery. In conclusion, we designed a new SPPS dedicated to EUS-GBD and established its technical feasibility and clinical effectiveness.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Endoscopic ultrasound-guided retrieval of a migrated plastic stent from a pelvic abscess
    Koichi Soga, Yuto Suzuki, Fuki Hayakawa, Takeshi Fujiwara, Yo Fujimoto, Ikuhiro Kobori, Masaya Tamano
    Endoscopy.2024; 56(S 01): E870.     CrossRef
  • Usefulness of inserting a modified single‐pigtail plastic stent into a metallic stent in endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage
    Koichi Soga
    Endoscopy.2023; 55(S 01): E1081.     CrossRef
  • 4,165 View
  • 212 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
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Original Articles
The feasibility of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder aspiration for acute cholecystitis after self-expandable metallic stent placement for malignant biliary obstruction: a 10-year retrospective analysis in a single center
Akihisa Ohno, Nao Fujimori, Toyoma Kaku, Masayuki Hijioka, Ken Kawabe, Naohiko Harada, Makoto Nakamuta, Takamasa Oono, Yoshihiro Ogawa
Clin Endosc 2022;55(6):784-792.   Published online October 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.244
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) after metallic stent (MS) placement for malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) have a high surgical risk. We performed percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder aspiration (PTGBA) as the first treatment for AC. We aimed to identify the risk factors for AC after MS placement and the poor response factors of PTGBA.
Methods
We enrolled 401 patients who underwent MS placement for MBO between April 2011 and March 2020. The incidence of AC was 10.7%. Of these 43 patients, 37 underwent PTGBA as the first treatment. The patients’ responses to PTGBA were divided into good and poor response groups.
Results
There were 20 patients in good response group and 17 patients in poor response group. Risk factors for cholecystitis after MS placement included cystic duct obstruction (p<0.001) and covered MS (p<0.001). Cystic duct obstruction (p=0.003) and uncovered MS (p=0.011) demonstrated significantly poor responses to PTGBA. Cystic duct obstruction is a risk factor for cholecystitis and poor response factor for PTGBA, whereas covered MS is a risk factor for cholecystitis and an uncovered MS is a poor response factor of PTGBA for cholecystitis.
Conclusions
The onset and poor response factors of AC after MS placement were different between covered and uncovered MS. PTGBA can be a viable option for AC after MS placement, especially in patients with covered MS.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Endeavors to prevent stent malfunction: new insights into the risk factors for recurrent biliary obstruction
    Sung-Jo Bang
    Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(1): 56.     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Naso-gallbladder Drainage Using a Dedicated Catheter for Acute Cholecystitis After Transpapillary Metal Stent Placement for Malignant Biliary Obstruction
    Tadahisa Inoue, Rena Kitano, Mayu Ibusuki, Kazumasa Sakamoto, Satoshi Kimoto, Yuji Kobayashi, Yoshio Sumida, Yukiomi Nakade, Kiyoaki Ito, Masashi Yoneda
    Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2023; 68(12): 4449.     CrossRef
  • The writing on the wall: self-expandable stents for endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy?
    Hyung Ku Chon, Shayan Irani, Tae Hyeon Kim
    Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(6): 741.     CrossRef
  • How should a therapeutic strategy be constructed for acute cholecystitis after self-expanding metal stent placement for malignant biliary obstruction?
    Mamoru Takenaka, Masatoshi Kudo
    Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(6): 757.     CrossRef
  • 3,604 View
  • 134 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
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Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage for Acute Cholecystitis using Two Gallbladder Stents (Dual Gallbladder Stenting)
Zain A Sobani, Sergio A. Sánchez-Luna, Tarun Rustagi
Clin Endosc 2021;54(6):899-902.   Published online May 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.023
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETPGBD) is gaining popularity for the management of acute cholecystitis (AC) in high-risk patients. However, the stents placed during the procedure are not immune to obstruction. Here we describe a novel technique of stenting with two transpapillary stents and evaluate its technical feasibility, safety, and efficacy in AC.
Methods
A retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing ETPGBD using dual stents for AC at our institution between November 1, 2017 and August 31, 2020 was conducted. We abstracted patient data to evaluate technical and clinical success, adverse events, and long-term outcomes. Two stents were placed either during the index procedure or during an interval procedure performed 4–6 weeks after the index procedure.
Results
A total of 21 patients underwent ETPGBD with dual stenting (57.14% male, mean age: 62.14±17.21 years). The median interval between the placement of the first and the second stents was 37 days (range: 0–226 days). Technical and clinical success rates were 100%, with a recurrence rate of 4.76% (n=1) and adverse event rate of 9.52% (n=2) during a mean follow-up period of 471.74±345.64 days (median: 341 days, range: 55–1084 days).
Conclusions
ETPGBD with dual gallbladder stenting is a safe and effective technique for long-term gallbladder drainage in non-surgical candidates. Larger controlled studies are needed to validate our findings for the widespread implementation of this technique.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage With 2 Stents Versus 1 Stent Reduces Reinterventions: A Multicenter Study
    James D. Haddad, Natalie Wilson, Vijay S. Are, Shawn L. Shah, Danny Issa, Tarek Sawas, Mohammad Bilal, Thomas Tielleman
    Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2025; 27(1): 150899.     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic Gallbladder Drainage EUS LAMS vs. ERCP Trans-papillary Drainage
    Maham Hayat, Yasi Xiao, Mustafa A. Arain, Dennis Yang
    Current Gastroenterology Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic Gallbladder Drainage: A Comprehensive Review on Indications, Techniques, and Future Perspectives
    Edoardo Troncone, Rosa Amendola, Alessandro Moscardelli, Elena De Cristofaro, Pasquale De Vico, Omero Alessandro Paoluzi, Giovanni Monteleone, Manuel Perez-Miranda, Giovanna Del Vecchio Blanco
    Medicina.2024; 60(4): 633.     CrossRef
  • Approaches to Cholecystitis: Surgical, Endoscopic, and Percutaneous Management
    Nicole Cherng, Ikechukwu Achebe, Mason Winkie, Julie Thomann, Eric Then, Neil B. Marya
    Journal of Intensive Care Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Interval cholecystectomy following drainage procedures for acute cholecystitis: percutaneous transhepatic vs endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage
    Morihiro Katsura, Kazuhide Matsushima, Takashi Kato, Christine Isabella Bent, Tadao Kubota, Tomiaki Kubota, Masafumi Ie
    Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2024; 28(11): 1912.     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Impact of Endoscopic Gallbladder Stenting for Calculous Cholecystitis in Poor Surgical Candidates: A Multi-center Comparative Study
    Tadahisa Inoue, Yuta Suzuki, Michihiro Yoshida, Itaru Naitoh, Fumihiro Okumura, Rena Kitano, Kenichi Haneda, Kazuki Hayashi, Masashi Yoneda
    Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2023; 68(4): 1529.     CrossRef
  • Intermediate- to long-term outcomes of endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting in patients with gallstone-related disease: a 10-year single-center experience
    Wiriyaporn Ridtitid, Natee Faknak, Panida Piyachaturawat, Nicha Teeratorn, Yingluk Sritunyarat, Phonthep Angsuwatcharakon, Parit Mekaroonkamol, Pradermchai Kongkam, Rungsun Rerknimitr
    Endoscopy.2023; 55(05): 469.     CrossRef
  • Percutaneous Cystic Duct Interventions and Drain Internalization for Calculous Cholecystitis in Patients Ineligible for Surgery
    Courtney Sperry, Asad Malik, Allison Reiland, Bartley Thornburg, Rajesh Keswani, Muhammed Sufyaan Ebrahim Patel, Aziz Aadam, Anthony Yang, Ezra Teitelbaum, Riad Salem, Ahsun Riaz
    Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology.2023; 34(4): 669.     CrossRef
  • Tips and tricks for endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage
    Jad P. AbiMansour, Ryan J. Law, Andrew C. Storm, Vinay Chandrasekhara
    VideoGIE.2023; 8(11): 474.     CrossRef
  • Assessment of Gallbladder Drainage Methods in the Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis: A Literature Review
    Dorotea Bozic, Zarko Ardalic, Antonio Mestrovic, Josipa Bilandzic Ivisic, Damir Alicic, Ivan Zaja, Tomislav Ivanovic, Ivona Bozic, Zeljko Puljiz, Andre Bratanic
    Medicina.2023; 60(1): 5.     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Outcomes of Endoscopic Gallbladder Drainage for Cholecystitis in Poor Surgical Candidates: An Updated Comprehensive Review
    Tadahisa Inoue, Michihiro Yoshida, Yuta Suzuki, Rena Kitano, Fumihiro Okumura, Itaru Naitoh
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(21): 4842.     CrossRef
  • Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage for Acute Cholecystitis: Two Stents or Not Two Stents
    Jad AbiMansour, Ryan Law
    Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(6): 783.     CrossRef
  • 4,696 View
  • 103 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
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Cholecystitis after Placement of Covered Self-Expandable Metallic Stents in Patients with Distal Malignant Biliary Obstructions
Masafumi Watanabe, Kosuke Okuwaki, Jun Woo, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Tomohisa Iwai, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Toru Kaneko, Rikiya Hasegawa, Takahiro Kurosu, Naoki Minato, Hiroki Haradome, Wasaburo Koizumi
Clin Endosc 2021;54(4):589-595.   Published online November 17, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.136
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Cholecystitis can occur after the placement of covered self-expandable metallic stents for distal malignant biliary obstructions. We aimed to identify risk factors for cholecystitis following covered self-expandable metallic stent placement.
Methods
We investigated risk factors related to cholecystitis following covered self-expandable metallic stent placement in 118 patients with distal malignant biliary obstructions between January 1, 2015 and April 30, 2019. Endoscopic assessments and tumor invasion to the arteries feeding the gallbladder were determined by a pancreaticobiliary endoscopist and a radiologist, respectively.
Results
The median patient age was 72 years (men, 61.0%). The flow of the contrast agent into the gallbladder and tumor involvement in the orifice of the cystic duct were observed in 35 (29.7%) and 35 (29.7%) patients, respectively. During the observation period (median, 179 days), cholecystitis occurred in 18 (15.3%) patients. Multivariate analysis revealed the flow of the contrast agent into the gallbladder (p=0.023) and tumor involvement in the orifice of the cystic duct (p=0.005) as significant independent risk factors associated with cholecystitis.
Conclusions
The flow of the contrast agent into the gallbladder and tumor involvement in the orifice of the cystic duct are potential independent risk factors for cholecystitis following the placement of covered self-expandable metallic stents. A follow-up prospective study is warranted to validate their influence.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Incidence of Cholecystitis After Endoscopic Biliary Drainage Using a Low Axial Force Covered Self‐Expandable Metallic Stent in Patients With Malignant Distal Biliary Obstruction: A Multicenter Prospective Study
    Naoki Minato, Kosuke Okuwaki, Masafumi Watanabe, Jun Woo, Takaaki Matsumoto, Masayoshi Tadehara, Toru Kaneko, Junro Ishizaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroki Haradome, Chika Kusano
    Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2025; 40(2): 502.     CrossRef
  • Risk Factors for Cholecystitis After Self-expandable Metallic Stent Placement for Malignant Distal Biliary Obstruction
    Hashem Albunni, Azizullah Beran, Nwal Hadaki, Mark A. Gromski, Mohammad Al-Haddad
    Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Fully covered metal stents as a risk factor for acute cholecystitis and cholangitis in patients with biliary stricture: A multicenter retrospective study
    T Khoury, A Benson, M Moaad Farraj, M Basheer, M Mahamid, A Nubani, T Greener, N Mubariki, H Awadie, A Lisotti, W Sbeit
    Endoscopy.2025; 57(S 02): S127.     CrossRef
  • Interventional Endoscopic Ultrasonography: Advances in Application
    Haidar Khan, Sharon Slomovich, Neal C. Shah, Frank Gress
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(10): 3286.     CrossRef
  • Adverse events of self-expandable metal stent placement for malignant distal biliary obstruction: a large multicenter study
    Takashi Tamura, Takuo Yamai, Norimitsu Uza, Tomoaki Yamasaki, Atsuhiro Masuda, Fumimasa Tomooka, Hirotsugu Maruyama, Minoru Shigekawa, Takeshi Ogura, Katsutoshi Kuriyama, Masanori Asada, Hisakazu Matsumoto, Mamoru Takenaka, Koichiro Mandai, Yui Osaki, Ken
    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2024; 99(1): 61.     CrossRef
  • Fully covered versus partially covered self-expandable metal stents for palliation of distal malignant biliary obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Giuseppe Vanella, Chiara Coluccio, Alessandro Cucchetti, Roberto Leone, Giuseppe Dell’Anna, Paolo Giuffrida, Carmela Abbatiello, Cecilia Binda, Carlo Fabbri, Paolo Giorgio Arcidiacono
    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2024; 99(3): 314.     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic Ultrasound–Guided vs Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography–Guided Biliary Drainage as Primary Approach to Malignant Distal Biliary Obstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    Harishankar Gopakumar, Ritu Raj Singh, Vakya Revanur, Rajanikanth Kandula, Srinivas R. Puli
    American Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 119(8): 1607.     CrossRef
  • Cholecystitis in patients with a fully covered self-expandable metal stent with and without externally anchored plastic stents
    José Miguel Jiménez-Gutiérrez, Félix Téllez-Avila
    Endoscopy.2024; 56(04): 317.     CrossRef
  • Risk factors and treatment strategies for cholecystitis after metallic stent placement for malignant biliary obstruction: a multicenter retrospective study
    Akihiro Matsumi, Hironari Kato, Taiji Ogawa, Toru Ueki, Masaki Wato, Masakuni Fujii, Tatsuya Toyokawa, Ryo Harada, Yuki Ishihara, Masahiro Takatani, Hirofumi Tsugeno, Naoko Yunoki, Takeshi Tomoda, Toshiharu Mitsuhashi, Motoyuki Otsuka
    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2024; 100(1): 76.     CrossRef
  • Intrahepatic Rupture of Acute Cholecystitis Complicated by Septic Portal Thrombosis
    Mena Louis, Nathaniel Grabill, Baraa Mohamed, Firdous Khan, Joe Williams, Nelson A Royall
    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Malignant Obstructive Jaundice ERCP Postoperative Complications Risk Factors
    威 刘
    Asian Case Reports in Emergency Medicine.2024; 12(04): 153.     CrossRef
  • Covered versus uncovered double bare self-expandable metal stent for palliation of unresectable extrahepatic malignant biliary obstruction: a randomized controlled multicenter trial
    Se Woo Park, Kyong Joo Lee, Moon Jae Chung, Jung Hyun Jo, Hee Seung Lee, Jeong Youp Park, Seung Woo Park, Si Young Song, Huapyong Kang, Eui Joo Kim, Yeon Suk Kim, Jae Hee Cho, Seungmin Bang
    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2023; 97(1): 132.     CrossRef
  • Risk factors for early and late cholecystitis after covered metal stent placement for distal biliary obstruction
    Tatsuya Ishii, Tsuyoshi Hayashi, Hajime Yamazaki, Risa Nakamura, Kosuke Iwano, Ryo Ando, Haruka Toyonaga, Toshifumi Kin, Kuniyuki Takahashi, Akio Katanuma
    Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences.2023; 30(10): 1180.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and complications of inoperable malignant distal biliary obstruction treatment by metallic stents: fully covered or uncovered?
    Jiangning Gu, Xiaoyi Guo, Yong Sun, Bin Fan, Haoran Li, Ting Luo, Haifeng Luo, Jiao Liu, Feng Gao, Yuan Gao, Guang Tan, Xiaoming Liu, Zhuo Yang
    Gastroenterology Report.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic Management of Pancreatobiliary Malignancies
    Dong Wook Lee, Eun Young Kim
    Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2022; 67(5): 1635.     CrossRef
  • 6,539 View
  • 191 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
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Reviews
Practical Approaches for High-Risk Surgical Patients with Acute Cholecystitis: The Percutaneous Approach versus Endoscopic Alternatives
Rungsun Rerknimitr, Khanh Cong Pham
Clin Endosc 2020;53(6):678-685.   Published online January 9, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.186
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
In high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis who are not candidates for early laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gallbladder (GB) drainage is an alternative treatment option. Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is a recommended first line intervention because of its high efficacy and feasibility in most centers. However, with the advent of endoscopic accessories and technology, endoscopic GB drainage has been chosen as a more favorable choice by endoscopists. Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) can be performed under either fluoroscopic or peroral cholangioscopic guidance via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography by the transpapillary placement of a long double-pigtail stent. In a patient with common bile duct stones, this procedure is accompanied with stone removal. ETGBD is especially useful for acute cholecystitis patients who are contraindicated for PTGBD or those with severe coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, and abnormal anatomy. Moreover, the advantage of ETGBD is its preservation of the external GB structure. Thereby it would not disturb the future cholecystectomy. Recently, endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) using plastic, fully covered metallic, or lumen-apposing metal stents transmurally has emerged as a modality for GB drainage with higher technical and clinical success rates. EUS-GBD can provide a more permanent GB drainage than PTGBD and ETGBD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Endoscopic management of acute cholecystitis in high‐risk surgical patients: A comprehensive review article
    Akinori Maruta, Takuji Iwashita, Kensaku Yoshida, Shogo Shimizu, Masahito Shimizu
    DEN Open.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Acute cholecystitis management in high-risk, critically ill, and unfit-for-surgery patients: the Italian Society of Emergency Surgery and Trauma (SICUT) guidelines
    Federico Coccolini, Eugenio Cucinotta, Andrea Mingoli, Mauro Zago, Gaia Altieri, Alan Biloslavo, Roberto Caronna, Ismail Cengeli, Enrico Cicuttin, Roberto Cirocchi, Luigi Cobuccio, Gianluca Costa, Valerio Cozza, Camilla Cremonini, Giovanni Del Vecchio, Gi
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  • Bile as a liquid biopsy matrix: potential applications and limitations
    Maria Arechederra, Maria Rullán, Daniel Oyón, Matias A. Ávila, Jesús M. Urman, Carmen Berasain
    Exploration of Digestive Diseases.2024; : 5.     CrossRef
  • The Success Rate Is Lower but Completion Rate of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Is higher in Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage than Percutaneous Gallbladder Drainage for Acute Cholecystitis
    Toshiro Masuda, Hiroshi Takamori, Ken-ichi Ogata, Katsuhiro Ogawa, Kenji Shimizu, Ryuichi Karashima, Hidetoshi Nitta, Katsutaka Matsumoto, Tetsuya Okino, Hideo Baba
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  • Single-Session Endoscopic Ultrasound–Directed Transgastric Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Simultaneous Endoscopic Ultrasound–Guided Transmural Gallbladder Drainage in Choledocholithiasis and Acute Cholecystitis After Unsuccessful Lapar
    Azhar Hussain, Vishnu Charan Suresh Kumar, Hafiz Muzaffar Akbar Khan
    ACG Case Reports Journal.2024; 11(8): e01469.     CrossRef
  • Endosonografische Drainage der Gallenblase wegen akuter Cholezystitis bei Patienten mit hohem Operationsrisiko
    Markus Zachäus, Michael Bartels, Andreas Flade, Andreas Schubert-Hartmann, Regina Lamberts, Alireza Sepehri-Shamloo, Ulrich Paul Halm
    Zentralblatt für Chirurgie - Zeitschrift für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie.2023; 148(02): 140.     CrossRef
  • Retrospective comparison of clinical outcomes of ultrasound-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy in patients with and without coagulopathy: a single center’s experience
    Hayato Yamahata, Minoru Yabuta, Mahbubur Rahman
    Japanese Journal of Radiology.2023; 41(9): 1015.     CrossRef
  • Acute cholecystitis: “There’s more than one way to skin a cat”!
    Guido Costamagna
    Digestive Endoscopy.2022; 34(1): 73.     CrossRef
  • Ultimate outcomes of three modalities for non-surgical gallbladder drainage in acute cholecystitis with or without concomitant common bile duct stones
    Wiriyaporn Ridtitid, Thanawat Luangsukrerk, Panida Piyachaturawat, Nicha Teeratorn, Phonthep Angsuwatcharakon, Pradermchai Kongkam, Rungsun Rerknimitr
    Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery.2022; 26(1): 104.     CrossRef
  • Endosonography-Guided Versus Percutaneous Gallbladder Drainage Versus Cholecystectomy in Fragile Patients with Acute Cholecystitis—A High-Volume Center Study
    Hayato Kurihara, Francesca M. Bunino, Alessandro Fugazza, Enrico Marrano, Giulia Mauri, Martina Ceolin, Ezio Lanza, Matteo Colombo, Antonio Facciorusso, Alessandro Repici, Andrea Anderloni
    Medicina.2022; 58(11): 1647.     CrossRef
  • A Case of Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis that was Difficult to Differentiate from Gallbladder Cancer after Long-term Placement of an Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage Tube
    Moeko KATO, Toshiro MASUDA, Takihiro KAMIO, Hiroshi TAKAMORI
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Current Status in the Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis Patients Receiving Antithrombotic Therapy: Is Endoscopic Drainage Feasible?- A Systematic Review
Ryota Sagami, Kenji Hayasaka, Hidefumi Nishikiori, Hideaki Harada, Yuji Amano
Clin Endosc 2020;53(2):176-188.   Published online January 9, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.177
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
The bleeding complication risk of surgery or percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) may increase in patients with acute cholecystitis receiving antithrombotic therapy (ATT). Endoscopic gallbladder drainage (EGBD) may be recommended for such patients. English articles published between 1991 and 2018 in peer-reviewed journals that discuss cholecystectomy, PTGBD, and EGBD in patients with ATT or coagulopathy were reviewed to assess the safety of the procedures, especially in terms of the bleeding complication. There were 8 studies on cholecystectomy, 3 on PTGBD, and 1 on endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) in patients receiving ATT. With respect to EGBD, 28 studies on ETGBD (including 1 study already mentioned above) and 26 studies on endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) were also analyzed. The overall bleeding complication rate in patients with ATT who underwent cholecystectomy was significantly higher than that in patients without ATT (6.5% [23/354] vs. 1.2% [26/2,224], p<0.001). However, the bleeding risk of cholecystectomy and PTGBD in patients receiving ATT was controversial. The overall technical success, clinical success, and bleeding complication rates of ETGBD vs. EUS-GBD were 84% vs. 96% (p<0.001), 92% vs. 97% (p<0.001), and 0.65% vs. 2.1% (p=0.005), respectively. One patient treated with ETGBD experienced bleeding complication among 191 patients with bleeding tendency. ETGBD may be an ideal drainage procedure for patients receiving ATT from the viewpoint of bleeding, although EUS-GBD is also efficacious.

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Original Articles
A New Technique of Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage Combined with Intraductal Ultrasonography for the Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis
Ryota Sagami, Kenji Hayasaka, Tetsuro Ujihara, Ryotaro Nakahara, Daisuke Murakami, Tomoyuki Iwaki, Satoshi Suehiro, Yasushi Katsuyama, Hideaki Harada, Yuji Amano
Clin Endosc 2020;53(2):221-229.   Published online November 5, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.099
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) is useful for the treatment of acute cholecystitis; however, the technique is difficult to perform. When intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) is combined with ETGBD, the orifice of the cystic duct in the common bile duct may be more easily detected in the cannulation procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ETGBD with IDUS compared with that of ETGBD alone.
Methods
A total of 100 consecutive patients with acute cholecystitis requiring ETGBD were retrospectively recruited. The first 50 consecutive patients were treated using ETGBD without IDUS, and the next 50 patients were treated using ETGBD with IDUS. Through propensity score matching analysis, we compared the clinical outcomes between the groups. The primary outcome was the technical success rate.
Results
The technical success rate of ETGBD with IDUS was significantly higher than that of ETGBD without IDUS (92.0% vs. 76.0%, p=0.044). There was no significant difference in procedure length between the two groups (74.0 min vs. 66.7 min, p=0.310). The complication rate of ETGBD with IDUS was significantly higher than that of ETGBD without IDUS (6.0% vs. 0%, p<0.001); however, only one case showed an IDUS technique-related complication (pancreatitis).
Conclusions
The assistance of IDUS may be useful in ETGBD.

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Risk Factors for Pancreatitis and Cholecystitis after Endoscopic Biliary Stenting in Patients with Malignant Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction
Ga Hee Kim, Si Kyong Ryoo, Jae Keun Park, Joo Kyung Park, Kwang Hyuck Lee, Kyu Taek Lee, Jong Kyun Lee
Clin Endosc 2019;52(6):598-605.   Published online May 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.177
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: For the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction, endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) has been widely accepted as a standard procedure. However, post-ERBD complications can affect the lives of patients. The purpose of this study was to identify the predictive factors for these complications, including the patient’s status, cancer status, and stent type.
Methods
This was a retrospective analysis conducted in a single tertiary hospital from January 2007 to July 2017. The following variables were evaluated: sex, age, body mass index, cancer type, history of pancreatitis, gallbladder stone, previous biliary stenting, precut papillotomy, stent type, contrast injection into the pancreatic duct or gallbladder, cystic duct invasion by the tumor, and occlusion of the cystic duct orifice by a metal stent.
Results
Multivariate analysis showed that contrast injection into the pancreatic duct was a risk factor for pancreatitis. Patients with a history of bile drainage showed a lower risk of pancreatitis. For cholecystitis, the analysis revealed contrast injection into the gallbladder and cystic duct invasion by the tumor as important predictive factors. Metal stents showed a greater risk of post-procedure pancreatitis than plastic stents, but did not affect the incidence of cholecystitis.
Conclusions
Considering that contrast injection is the most important factor for both complications, a careful approach by the physician is essential in preventing the occurrence of any complications. Further, choosing the type of stent is an important factor for patients at a risk of post-procedure pancreatitis.

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Endoscopic Ultrasonography-Guided Gallbladder Drainage as a Treatment Option for Acute Cholecystitis after Metal Stent Placement in Malignant Biliary Strictures
Fumisato Kozakai, Yoshihide Kanno, Kei Ito, Shinsuke Koshita, Takahisa Ogawa, Hiroaki Kusunose, Kaori Masu, Toshitaka Sakai, Toji Murabayashi, Keisuke Yonamine, Yujiro Kawakami, Yuki Fujii, Kazuaki Miyamoto, Yutaka Noda
Clin Endosc 2019;52(3):262-268.   Published online March 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.183
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: It is often difficult to manage acute cholecystitis after metal stent (MS) placement in unresectable malignant biliary strictures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) for acute cholecystitis.
Methods
The clinical outcomes of 10 patients who underwent EUS-GBD for acute cholecystitis after MS placement between January 2011 and August 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. The procedural outcomes of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) with tube placement (n=11 cases) and aspiration (PTGBA) (n=27 cases) during the study period were evaluated as a reference.
Results
The technical success and clinical effectiveness rates of EUS-GBD were 90% (9/10) and 89% (8/9), respectively. Severe bile leakage that required surgical treatment occurred in one case. Acute cholecystitis recurred after stent dislocation in 38% (3/8) of the cases. Both PTGBD and PTGBA were technically successful in all cases without severe adverse events and clinically effective in 91% and 63% of the cases, respectively.
Conclusions
EUS-GBD after MS placement was a feasible option for treating acute cholecystitis. However, it was a rescue technique following the established percutaneous intervention in the current setting because of the immature technical methodology, including dedicated devices, which need further development.

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Reviews
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Gallbladder Drainage Using a Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent for Acute Cholecystitis: A Systematic Review
Deepanshu Jain, Bharat Singh Bhandari, Nikhil Agrawal, Shashideep Singhal
Clin Endosc 2018;51(5):450-462.   Published online June 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.024
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Surgery remains the standard treatment for acute cholecystitis except in high-risk candidates where percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PT-GBD), endoscopic transpapillary cystic duct stenting (ET-CDS), and endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) are potential choices. PT-GBD is contraindicated in patients with coagulopathy or ascites and is not preferred by patients owing to aesthetic reasons. ET-CDS is successful only if the cystic duct can be visualized and cannulated. For 189 patients who underwent EUS-GBD via insertion of a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS), the composite technical success rate was 95.2%, which increased to 96.8% when LAMS was combined with co-axial self-expandable metal stent (SEMS). The composite clinical success rate was 96.7%. We observed a small risk of recurrent cholecystitis (5.1%), gastrointestinal bleeding (2.6%) and stent migration (1.1%). Cautery enhanced LAMS significantly decreases the stent deployment time compared to non-cautery enhanced LAMS. Prophylactic placement of a pigtail stent or SEMS through the LAMS avoids re-interventions, particularly in patients, where it is intended to remain in situ indefinitely. Limited evidence suggests that the efficacy of EUS-GBD via LAMS is comparable to that of PT-GBD with the former showing better results in postoperative pain, length of hospitalization, and need for antibiotics. EUS-GBD via LAMS is a safe and efficacious option when performed by experts.

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Current Status of Endoscopic Gallbladder Drainage
Joey Ho Yi Chan, Anthony Yuen Bun Teoh
Clin Endosc 2018;51(2):150-155.   Published online November 17, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2017.125
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
The gold standard for treatment of acute cholecystitis is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, cholecystectomy is often not suitable for surgically unfit patients who are too frail due to various co-morbidities. As such, several less invasive endoscopic treatment modalities have been developed to control sepsis, either as a definitive treatment or as a temporizing modality until the patient is stable enough to undergo cholecystectomy at a later stage. Recent developments in endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-specific stents having lumen-apposing properties have demonstrated potential as a definitive treatment modality. Furthermore, advanced gallbladder procedures can be performed using the stents as a portal. With similar effectiveness as percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy and lower rates of adverse events reported in some studies, EUS-GBD has opened exciting possibilities in becoming the next best alternative in treating acute cholecystitis in surgically unfit patients. The aim of this review article is to provide a summary of the various methods of gallbladder drainage (GBD) with particular focus on EUS-GBD and the many new prospects it allows.

Citations

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Case Report
Conversion of Percutaneous Cholecystostomy to Endoscopic Gallbladder Stenting by Using the Rendezvous Technique
Kwangwoo Nam, Jun-Ho Choi
Clin Endosc 2017;50(3):301-304.   Published online November 7, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2016.120
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
We report the successful conversion of percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) to endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting (ETGS) with insertion of an antegrade guidewire into the duodenum. An 84-year-old man presented with severe acute cholecystitis and septic shock. He had significant comorbidities, and emergent PC was successfully performed. Subsequent ETGS was attempted but unsuccessful owing to difficulties with cystic duct cannulation. However, via the PC tract, the guidewire was passed antegradely into the duodenum, and ETGS with a double-pigtail plastic stent was successfully performed with the rendezvous technique. The PC tube was removed, and no recurrence was reported during the 17-month follow-up period. Conversion of PC to ETGS is a viable option in patients with acute cholecystitis who are not candidates for surgery. Antegrade guidewire insertion via the PC tract may increase the success rate of conversion and decrease the risk of procedure-related complications.
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Original Article
Endoscopic Gallbladder Drainage for Acute Cholecystitis
Jessica Widmer, Paloma Alvarez, Reem Z. Sharaiha, Sonia Gossain, Prashant Kedia, Savreet Sarkaria, Amrita Sethi, Brian G. Turner, Jennifer Millman, Michael Lieberman, Govind Nandakumar, Hiren Umrania, Monica Gaidhane, Michel Kahaleh
Clin Endosc 2015;48(5):411-420.   Published online September 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.5.411
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background/Aims

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for cholecystitis. However, gallbladder stenting (GBS) has shown promise in debilitated or high-risk patients. Endoscopic transpapillary GBS and endoscopic ultrasound-guided GBS (EUS-GBS) have been proposed as safe and effective modalities for gallbladder drainage.

Methods

Data from patients with cholecystitis were prospectively collected from August 2004 to May 2013 from two United States academic university hospitals and analyzed retrospectively. The following treatment algorithm was adopted. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with sphincterotomy and cystic duct stenting was initially attempted. If deemed feasible by the endoscopist, EUS-GBS was then pursued.

Results

During the study period, 139 patients underwent endoscopic gallbladder drainage. Among these, drainage was performed in 94 and 45 cases for benign and malignant indications, respectively. Successful endoscopic gallbladder drainage was defined as decompression of the gallbladder without incidence of cholecystitis, and was achieved with ERCP and cystic duct stenting in 117 of 128 cases (91%). Successful endoscopic gallbladder drainage was also achieved with EUS-guided gallbladder drainage using transmural stent placement in 11 of 11 cases (100%). Complications occurred in 11 cases (8%).

Conclusions

Endoscopic gallbladder drainage techniques are safe and efficacious methods for gallbladder decompression in non-surgical patients with comorbidities.

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    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    BMC Surgery.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Surgical Endoscopy.2021; 35(9): 4964.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(21): 4842.     CrossRef
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    Clinical Endoscopy.2020; 53(2): 221.     CrossRef
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    Clinical Endoscopy.2020; 53(2): 176.     CrossRef
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    Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2020; 405(2): 191.     CrossRef
  • Cerrahi için yüksek riskli bir hastada akut kolesistitin endoskopik transpapiller drenajı
    Sinem İPOR, Mehmet ÇETİN, Atilla ÖNMEZ, Alper İPOR, Serkan TORUN
    Endoskopi Gastrointestinal.2020; 28(2): 67.     CrossRef
  • An unusual complication of pyloric ring obstruction caused by flange of lumen apposing metal stent in endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage
    Seung Young Seo, Chang Hun Lee, In Hee Kim, Sang Wook Kim, Seung Ok Lee, Soo Teik Lee, Seong-Hun Kim
    Medicine.2020; 99(27): e21017.     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis is feasible for patients receiving antithrombotic therapy
    Ryota Sagami, Kenji Hayasaka, Tetsuro Ujihara, Ryotaro Nakahara, Daisuke Murakami, Tomoyuki Iwaki, Satoshi Suehiro, Yasushi Katsuyama, Hideaki Harada, Hidefumi Nishikiori, Kazunari Murakami, Yuji Amano
    Digestive Endoscopy.2020; 32(7): 1092.     CrossRef
  • Successful Cholecystectomy After Endoscopic Ultrasound Gallbladder Drainage Compared With Percutaneous Cholecystostomy, Can it Be Done?
    Monica Saumoy, Amy Tyberg, Elizabeth Brown, Soumitra R. Eachempati, Michael Lieberman, Cheguevara Afaneh, Rastislav Kunda, Natalie Cosgrove, Ali Siddiqui, Monica Gaidhane, Michel Kahaleh
    Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.2019; 53(3): 231.     CrossRef
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    Jun Cao, Xiwei Ding, Han Wu, Yonghua Shen, Ruhua Zheng, Chunyan Peng, Lei Wang, Xiaoping Zou
    BMC Gastroenterology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • EUS-guided Versus Percutaneous Gallbladder Drainage
    Amy Tyberg, Monica Saumoy, Enrique V. Sequeiros, Marc Giovannini, Everson Artifon, Anthony Teoh, Jose Nieto, Amit P. Desai, Nikhil A. Kumta, Monica Gaidhane, Reem Z. Sharaiha, Michel Kahaleh
    Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.2018; 52(1): 79.     CrossRef
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    Jun Cao, Chunyan Peng, Xiwei Ding, Yonghua Shen, Han Wu, Ruhua Zheng, Lei Wang, Xiaoping Zou
    BMC Gastroenterology.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Gallbladder Drainage Using a Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent for Acute Cholecystitis: A Systematic Review
    Deepanshu Jain, Bharat Singh Bhandari, Nikhil Agrawal, Shashideep Singhal
    Clinical Endoscopy.2018; 51(5): 450.     CrossRef
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    Endoskopi Gastrointestinal.2018; 26(3): 91.     CrossRef
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    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2017; 85(1): 76.     CrossRef
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  • Management of acute cholecystitis
    Prabhava Bagla, Juan C. Sarria, Taylor S. Riall
    Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases.2016; 29(5): 508.     CrossRef
  • Can percutaneous cholecystostomy be a definitive treatment in the elderly?
    Leonardo Solaini, Barbara Paro, Paolo Marcianò, Giacomo V. Pennacchio, Roberto Farfaglia
    Surgical Practice.2016; 20(4): 144.     CrossRef
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Case Report
Two Cases of Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis and Gallbladder Cancer with Hemobilia
Jong Kyu Kwon, M.D., Dae Jin Kim, M.D., Hyun Uk Ryu, M.D., Soo Hwan Seol, M.D., Byung Sik Hwang, M.D., Jong Hun Park, M.D.* and Kyung Rak Son, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2011;42(6):428-432.   Published online June 4, 2011
AbstractAbstract PDF
Hemobilia is a rare upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding phenomenon usually caused by trauma but may occur due to various liver and pancreatobiliary diseases. Causes related to gallbladder disease include vascular disorders, malignancy, polyps, heterotopic GI mucosa, acalculous inflammation, and most commonly gallstones. Most cases are treated with a cholecystectomy. If hemobilia is detected, efforts must be made to exclude malignancy because hemobilia develops from both benign and malignant disease. Particularly in gallbladder disease with hemobilia, the possibility of gallbladder carcinoma should be considered. We report two cases of hemoblia by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and duodenoscopy, with a review of the literature. The first case was xanthoglanulomatous cholesystitis and the second case was gallbladder cancer disclosed by cholecystectomy.
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A Case of Acute Cholecystitis with a Perforation Complicating Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Seung Hee Ryu, M.D., Myung Hwan Noh, M.D., Ji Sun Han, M.D., Su Mi Woo, M.D., Byung Geun Kim, M.D., Chien Ter Hsing, M.D., So Young Park, M.D. and Joon Mo Kim, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2011;42(3):185-189.   Published online March 28, 2011
AbstractAbstract PDF
The incidence of acute cholecystitis complicating endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is rarely reported at 0.2% but is usually associated with a cystic duct obstruction caused by gallstones, gallbladder polyps, or cancer. However, acute cholecystitis with a gallbladder perforation after ERCP without a history of cystic duct obstruction can develop very rarely and has not yet been reported in Korea. We report a case of acute cholecystitis with gallbladder perforation and aggravation of a pancreatic pseudocyst after diagnostic ERCP in a man with a pancreatic cystic lesion. He has been successfully cured using only percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage and antibiotics with no surgery. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2011;42:185-189)
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A Case of Chronic Acalculous Cholecystitis Presenting as Hemobilia
Soo Han Kim, M.D.*, Seok Jeong, M.D.*, Don Haeng Lee, M.D.*,‡, Joon Mee Kim, M.D., Kye Sook Kwon, M.D.*, Hyung Gil Kim, M.D.*, Yong Woon Shin, M.D.* and Young Soo Kim, M.D.*
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2008;37(1):71-75.   Published online July 30, 2008
AbstractAbstract PDF
Hemobilia is defined as the presence of blood in the biliary tract and gastrointestinal lumen, which is caused by a communication between the biliary tract and blood vessels. Most cases of hemobilia originating in the gallbladder are related to gallstones, or rarely related to acalculous cholecystitis. A 48-year-old woman presented to the hospital secondary to epigastric pain and melena, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed hemobilia originating in her gallbladder. After laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed, pathologic examination of the gallbladder revealed chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Hence, we report a case of hemobilia caused by chronic acalculous cholecystitis. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 37:71-75)
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A Case of Hemobilia Caused by Calculous Cholecystitis
Chang Soo Choi, M.D., Geom Seog Seo, M.D., Meyoung Cho, M.D., Tae Hyeon Kim, M.D., Suck Chei Choi, M.D., Ki Jung Yun, M.D.* and Haak Cheoul Kim, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2007;34(3):174-178.   Published online March 30, 2007
AbstractAbstract PDF
Hemobilia is a status of bleeding into the biliary tract, which is caused by abnormal communication between the intrahepatic blood vessels and biliary tract, and is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Most cases of the hemobilia originating in the gallbladder are related to gallstones. However, hemobilia is a rare complication of calculous cholecystitis. We report a case of hemobilia as a complication of calculous cholecystitis in a patient given continuous aspirin medication. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2007;34:174⁣178)
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Percutaneous Transhepatic Gallbladder Stenting for Acute Cholecystitis after Palliative Metallic Biliary Stenting
Hwal Suk Cho, M.D., Sun Mi Lee, M.D., Chan Won Park, M.D., Ji Young Kim, M.D., Do Hoon Kim, M.D., Kee Tae Park, M.D., Tae Oh Kim, M.D., Jeong Heo, M.D., Gwang Ha Kim, M.D., Dae Hwan Kang, M.D., Geun Am Song, M.D. and Mong Cho, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2006;33(5):322-325.   Published online November 30, 2006
AbstractAbstract PDF
Metallic biliary stenting to relieve a malignant biliary obstruction can cause a cystic duct obstruction and acute cholecystitis. Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy is often performed in patients with a limited life expectancy but can have a significant impact on the quality of life. Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder stenting (PTGS) was performed across the cystic duct via the cholecystostomy tube tract to allow the removal of the cholecystostomy tube. The patient remained asymptomatic for 7 months after PTGS. In conclusion, PTGS across the cystic duct may be considered a treatment option in selected patients who develop acute cholecystitis after palliative metallic biliary stenting. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2006;33: 322⁣325)
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The Roles of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy and Cholecystectomy in Acute Biliary Pancreatitis
Ji Bong Jeong, M.D.*, Ji Kon Ryu, M.D., Joo Kyung Park, M.D., Won Jae Yoon, M.D., Sang Hyub Lee, M.D., Jin-Hyeok Hwang, M.D., Jun Kyu Lee, M.D., Yong-Tae Kim, M.D. and Yong Bum Yoon, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2006;33(3):152-158.   Published online September 30, 2006
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
/Aims: Stone removal can prevent recurrence of acute biliary pancreatitis. This study examined the natural course of acute biliary pancreatitis and compared the results obtained using endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and cholecystectomy. In addition, the incidence and risk factors associated with acute cholecystitis were estimated when a cholecystectomy had not been performed. Methods: The medical records of 113 patients diagnosed with acute biliary pancreatitis in Seoul National University Hospital from January 1990 to April 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Twenty-five patients received no specific treatment of which 15 (60.0%) experienced a recurrence during a mean follow-up period of 36.0 months. Fifty-two patients received EST only and did not experience a recurrence during a mean follow-up of 29.8 months. Thirty-six patients underwent a cholecystectomy, and 1 (2.8%) patient experienced a second attack during a follow-up of 35.2 months. The clinical factors predictive of pancreatitis recurrence in patients without treatment could not be identified. Acute cholecystitis developed in 7 out of 77 (9.1%) patients who did not receive a cholecystectomy during a mean follow-up period of 33.3 months, and patients with both gallbladdor and common bile duct stones were found to be more prone to a recurrence. Conclusions: Sixty percent of patients with acute biliary pancreatitis without treatment experienced a second attack, which could be prevented by EST. A cholecystectomy is not always necessary as a routine treatment after EST for preventing pancreatitis, and is recommended for patients with both visible gallbladdor and common bile duct stones at the time of the first attack. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2006;33:152⁣158)
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A Case of Hemobilia Caused by Chronic Acalculous Cholecystitis
Hyun A Oh, M.D., Tae Neyun Kim, M.D., Eun Ju Lee, M.D., Hyung Chul Lee, M.D., Jun Hwan Kim, M.D., Byung Ik Chang, M.D. and Heon Ju Lee, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;31(3):198-203.   Published online September 30, 2005
AbstractAbstract PDF
Hemobilia is a status of bleeding into the biliary tract and occurs when the communication between the biliary tract and blood vessels was injured. Almost all the hemobilia orginated in the gallbladder were related to gallstones and rarely it was reported to be associated with acalculous cholecystitis. A 61-year-old man visited due to continuous right upper quadrant pain and endoscopy revealed oozing blood around the ampulla of Vater. Eighteen days later, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and pathologic examination of the resected gallbladder disclosed acalculous cholecystitis and no stone was found. We report a case of hemobilia with acalculous cholecystitis. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;31:198⁣203)
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A Case of Hemobilia Caused by Chronic Acalculous Cholecystitis
Hyun A Oh, M.D., Tae Neyun Kim, M.D., Eun Ju Lee, M.D., Hyung Chul Lee, M.D., Jun Hwan Kim, M.D., Byung Ik Chang, M.D. and Heon Ju Lee, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;31(3):198-203.   Published online September 30, 2005
AbstractAbstract PDF
Hemobilia is a status of bleeding into the biliary tract and occurs when the communication between the biliary tract and blood vessels was injured. Almost all the hemobilia orginated in the gallbladder were related to gallstones and rarely it was reported to be associated with acalculous cholecystitis. A 61-year-old man visited due to continuous right upper quadrant pain and endoscopy revealed oozing blood around the ampulla of Vater. Eighteen days later, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and pathologic examination of the resected gallbladder disclosed acalculous cholecystitis and no stone was found. We report a case of hemobilia with acalculous cholecystitis. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;31:198⁣203)
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A Case of Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis Complicating Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Byeong Kab Yoon, M.D., In Suh Park, M.D.*, Yong Sun Jeon, M.D.†, Jin-Woo Lee, M.D., Seok Jeong, M.D., Jung Il Lee, M.D., Kye Sook Kwon, M.D., Don Haeng Lee, M.D., Pum-Soo Kim, M.D., Hyung Gil Kim, M.D., Yong Woon Shin, M.D. and Young Soo Kim, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;31(1):62-67.   Published online July 30, 2005
AbstractAbstract PDF
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has gained wide acceptance as a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of disease of the pancreas and biliary tract. Complications associated with ERCP include bleeding, perforation, pancreatitis, and cholangitis, and the incidence is about 5∼10%. Acute acalculous cholecystitis can be developed rarely after ERCP. It tends to have more complicated course, resulting in higher morbidity and mortality. We report a case of acute acalculous cholecystitis complicating therapeutic ERCP in a 52-year-old man with primary common bile duct stone. He underwent open cholecystectomy because of uncontrolled infection and rapid progression to septic shock. Although acute acalculous cholecystitis is one of rare complications developed after ERCP, it should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis in patients who complain of abdominal pain after ERCP because of high mortality rate and the need for prompt surgical management. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;31:62⁣67)
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경피경간 담낭 내시경과 홀뮴 : YAG 레이저로 치료한 급성 결석성 담낭염 1 예
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;23(5):420-420.   Published online November 30, 2000
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수술 고위험군 급성 담낭염 환자에서의 경피경간적 담낭경검사의 안전성과 유용성 ( Safety and Usefulness of Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholecystoscopy (PTCCS) in High-Risk Surgical Patients Manifesting Acute Cholecystitis )
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;22(1):27-31.   Published online November 30, 2000
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
/Aims: The aim of the present study is to identify the diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of percutaneous transhepatic cholecystoscopic examination (PTCCS) in high-risk surgical patients manifesting acute cholecystitis. Methods: Between January 1992 and June 1998, 33 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy (PC) and subsequent PTCCS for the management of acute cholecystitis were included. Results: PC and subsequent PTCCS were successfully accomplished in all of 33 patients. During PTCCS, minor complication (2 of minor bleeding during electrohydraulic lithotripsy, 2 of tube dislodgement and 1 of bile leakage to peritoneum) occurred in five patients. PTCCS revealed 26 cases of gallstones, 3 cases of sludge ball, 3 cases of gallbladder carcinoma and 1 case of clonorchiasis related with acute cholecystitis. Three cases of the gallbladder cancers which were not predicted radiologically were incidentally found during PTCCS. For 26 patients with gallstones, PTCCS and concomitant stone removal were successfully carried out in one to four consecutive sessions (mean 2.2 sessions). Gallstones recurred in three (3/22, 14%) patients during the mean follow-up period of 27 months. All of them remain asymptomatic. Conclusions: PTCCS may be justified in the management of acute cholecystitis in selected patients with high surgical risk. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;22:27 - 31)
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증례 : 담도 췌장 ; 특이한 역행성췌담관 조영술 소견을 보인 황색 육아종성 담낭염 1예 ( Case Reports : Biliary Tract & Pancreas ; Unusual Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiographic Finding in a Case of Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis )
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 1998;18(1):122-128.   Published online November 30, 1997
AbstractAbstract PDF
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is a rare form of chronic gallbladder inflammation that is characterized by a severe proliferative fibrosis and has rarely been described in the radiologic literature. Like xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, it is an entirely benign but unusual expression of a reactive process and may be confused with a malignant neoplasm. Histologically, foamy histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells, other inflammatory cells, fibrous reaction with spindle cells, cholesterol cleft and noncaseating granuloma were found. Treatment of this benign inflammatory condition requires cholecystectomy to remove the focus of inflammation, control subsequent infection and relieve symptoms A case of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis mimiking carcinoma of the gallbladder on abdominal USG, abdominal CT, and ERCP examination is presented with brief review of the literature (Korean J Gastrointest Edosc 18: 122-128, 1998)
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증례 : 임신 2기에 시행한 복강경 담낭절제술 ( Case Reports : Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy )
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 1995;15(2):275-278.   Published online November 30, 1994
AbstractAbstract PDF
Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis frequently necessitate cholecystectomy. Experience is increasing with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a technique that avoids much of the morbidity, pain, prolonged hospital day, and recovery complications associated with the traditional approach. And the safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was confirmed. Besides appendectomy, cholecystectomy is the second most common nonobstetric procedure performed in pregnant women. We have performed one case of a successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the second trimester of pregnancy. Pregnancy was once a contraindication of laparoscopic operation, but no longer.
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담낭-대장누공을 유발한 황색 육아종성 담낭염 1예 ( Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis Complicated with Cholecystocolonic Fistula )
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 1993;13(3):587-590.   Published online November 30, 1992
AbstractAbstract PDF
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is an uncommon inflammatory disease of the gall baldder characterised by a focal or diffuse destructive inflammatory process. The pathogenesis is uncertain, but an inflammatory response to extravasated bile due to acute inflammation and obstruction is likely. Macroscopically, the gall bladder wall is invariably thickened, and extensive adhesions to adjacent organs are frequent. Clinically, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis can mimic gall bladder carcinoma and radiologic differential diagnosis is extremely difficult. Fistula to skin and duodenum was reported. We report the first case of cholecysto-colonic fistula due to xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis.
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