Original Articles
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Increasing trend of endoscopic drainage utilization for the management of pancreatic pseudocyst: insights from a nationwide database
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Khaled Elfert, Salomon Chamay, Lamin Dos Santos, Mouhand Mohamed, Azizullah Beran, Fouad Jaber, Hazem Abosheaishaa, Suresh Nayudu, Sammy Ho
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Clin Endosc 2024;57(1):105-111. Published online August 4, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.054
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- Background
/Aims: The pancreatic pseudocyst (PP) is a type of fluid collection that typically develops as a delayed complication of acute pancreatitis. Drainage is indicated for symptomatic patients and/or associated complications, such as infection and bleeding. Drainage modalities include percutaneous, endoscopic, laparoscopic, and open drainage. This study aimed to assess trends in the utilization of different drainage modalities for treating PP from 2016 to 2020. The trends in mortality, mean length of hospital stay, and mean hospitalization costs were also assessed.
Methods
The National Inpatient Sample database was used to obtain data. The variables were generated using International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnostic and procedural codes.
Results
Endoscopic drainage was the most commonly used drainage modality in 2018–2020, with an increasing trend over time (385 procedures in 2018 to 515 in 2020; p=0.003). This is associated with a decrease in the use of other drainage modalities. A decrease in the hospitalization cost for PP requiring drainage was also noted (29,318 United States dollar [USD] in 2016 to 18,087 USD in 2020, p<0.001).
Conclusions
Endoscopic drainage is becoming the most commonly used modality for the treatment of PP in hospitals located in the US. This new trend is associated with decreasing hospitalization costs.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Asparaginase-Associated Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Pseudocyst Managed with Endoscopic Cystogastrostomy in Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Gyewon Park, Eun Sun Kim, Hyuk Soon Choi, Bora Keum, Yoon Tae Jeen, Hoon Jai Chun, Hong Sik Lee, Jae Min Lee
The Korean Journal of Pancreas and Biliary Tract.2025; 30(1): 31. CrossRef - Analysis of the correlation between serum MIF, MCP-1, and IL-6 levels and the formation of pseudocysts in patients with acute severe pancreatitis
Changcheng Liu, Xianru Jia, Bingbing Cui, Xuejin Liu
AIP Advances.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Pancreatic pseudocyst: The past, the present, and the future
Jonathan GA Koo, Matthias Yi Quan Liau, Igor A Kryvoruchko, Tamer AAM Habeeb, Christopher Chia, Vishal G Shelat
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2024; 16(7): 1986. CrossRef
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Efficacy and Safety of Lumen-Apposing Stents for Management of Pancreatic Fluid Collections in a Community Hospital Setting
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Rajat Garg, Abdelkader Chaar, Susan Szpunar, Babu P. Mohan, Mohammed Barawi
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Clin Endosc 2020;53(4):480-486. Published online October 16, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.116
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- Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage and necrosectomy employing lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) are used for treating pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) with excellent results from academic centers. Herein, we report the efficacy and safety of LAMS in the treatment of PFCs at a community hospital.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the etiology of pancreatitis, type and size of PFCs, length of procedure, technical success, clinical success, adverse events, and stent removal. The primary outcome was the rate of clinical success, and secondary outcomes were technical success and adverse events.
Results
Twenty-seven patients with a mean age of 54.1±6.5 years were included, 44% of which were men. The mean size of the PFCs was 9.7±5.0 cm (range, 3–21). The most common etiology of pancreatitis was alcohol (44%) followed by idiopathic causes (30%) and presence of gallstones (22%). The diagnosis was pseudocyst in 44.4% (12/27) and walled off necrosis in 55.6% (15/27) of patients. There was 100% technical success without any complications. Clinical success was achieved in 22 of 27 patients (81.5%) who underwent stent removal.
Conclusions
Our study is the first to report that endoscopic therapy of PFCs using LAMS is safe and effective even in a community hospital setting with limited resources and support compared to large academic centers.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- EUS-guided interventional therapies for pancreatic diseases
Rongmin Xu, Kai Zhang, Nan Ge, Siyu Sun
Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Trans-cavity lumen-apposing metal stent removal: an alternative safe modality
Giacomo Emanuele Maria Rizzo, Ilaria Tarantino
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(1): 129. CrossRef - Lumen-apposing-metal stent misdeployment in endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainages: A systematic review focusing on issues and rescue management
Elia Armellini, Flavio Metelli, Andrea Anderloni, Anna Cominardi, Giovanni Aragona, Michele Marini, Fabio Pace
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 29(21): 3341. CrossRef - Lumen-apposing metal stents
Carlo Fabbri, Chiara Coluccio, Cecilia Binda, Alessandro Fugazza, Andrea Anderloni, Ilaria Tarantino
Endoscopic Ultrasound.2022; 11(1): 59. CrossRef - Endoscopic Drainage of Giant Pancreatic Pseudocysts Using Both Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent and Plastic Stent: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Current Literature
Hussam I. A. Alzeerelhouseini, Muawiyah Elqadi, Mohammad N. Elqadi, Sadi A. Abukhalaf, Hazem A. Ashhab, Yoshifumi Nakayama
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Gwang Ha Kim, Kwang An Kwon, Do Hyun Park, Jimin Han
Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(5): 633. CrossRef - Comparative outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided lumen‐apposing mental stents drainage for pancreatic pseudocysts and walled‐off necrosis: Case series and meta‐analysis
Jing Li, Qian Zhang, Anni Zhou, Guiping Zhao, Peng Li
Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine.2021; 7(3): 157. CrossRef - Reply
Kazuki Takeishi, Toru Ikegami, Tomoharu Yoshizumi, Nao Fujimori, Masaki Mori
Liver Transplantation.2020; 26(5): 727. CrossRef - Safety and efficacy of lumen-apposing metal stents versus plastic stents to treat walled-off pancreatic necrosis: systematic review and meta-analysis
Vinay Chandrasekhara, Marc Barthet, Jacques Devière, Fateh Bazerbachi, Sundeep Lakhtakia, Jeffrey J. Easler, Joyce A. Peetermans, Edmund McMullen, Ornela Gjata, Margaret L. Gourlay, Barham K. Abu Dayyeh
Endoscopy International Open.2020; 08(11): E1639. CrossRef
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There Is No Advantage to Transpapillary Pancreatic Duct Stenting for the Transmural Endoscopic Drainage of Pancreatic Fluid Collections: A Meta-Analysis
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Sunil Amin, Dennis J. Yang, Aimee L. Lucas, Susana Gonzalez, Christopher J. DiMaio
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Clin Endosc 2017;50(4):388-394. Published online April 17, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2016.091
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- Background
/Aims: Options for the endoscopic management of symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) include transmural drainage (TM) alone, transpapillary drainage (TP) alone, or a combination of both drainage method (CD). There have been conflicting reports about the best method. This study performed a meta-analysis to determine whether CD presents an added clinical benefit over TM.
Methods
The included studies compared TM with CD and reported clinical success for both methods. A random-effects model was used to determine the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the following outcomes: technical success, clinical success, complications, and recurrence.
Results
Nine studies involving a combined total of 604 drainage procedures—373 TMs (62%) and 231 CDs (38%)—were included. CD showed no additional benefit over TM in terms of technical success (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.37–3.37; p=0.85), clinical success (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.65–1.89; p=0.70), recurrence (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.53–4.21; p=0.45), or complications (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.61–2.18; p=0.67).
Conclusions
Pancreatic duct (PD) stenting provides no additional clinical benefit for the TM of PFCs (particularly pseudocysts). Patients undergoing the TM of symptomatic pseudocysts may not require endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP).
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

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Akihisa Adachi, Michihiro Yoshida, Hiroki Takada, Yasuki Hori, Akihisa Kato, Hidenori Sahashi, Tadashi Toyohara, Kayoko Kuno, Yusuke Kito, Kenji Urakabe, Hiromi Kataoka
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Pier Alberto Testoni, Sabrina Testoni
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Mariano González-Haba Ruiz, María Teresa Betés Ibáñez, Belén Martínez Moreno , Alejandro Repiso Ortega, Carlos de la Serna Higuera, Julio Iglesias García, Oriol Sendino García, María Moris Felgueroso, Belén Agudo Castillo, José Miguel Esteban Lóp
Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Pancreatic pseudocyst: The past, the present, and the future
Jonathan GA Koo, Matthias Yi Quan Liau, Igor A Kryvoruchko, Tamer AAM Habeeb, Christopher Chia, Vishal G Shelat
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Focused Review Series: EUS-Guided Therapeutic Interventions
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Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Management of Pancreatic Fluid Collections: Update and Review of the Literature
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Ali Alali, Jeffrey Mosko, Gary May, Christopher Teshima
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Clin Endosc 2017;50(2):117-125. Published online March 30, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2017.045
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- Severe acute pancreatitis is often complicated by the development of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs), which may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is crucial to accurately classify these collections as a pseudocyst or walled-off necrosis (WON) given significant differences in outcomes and management. Interventions for PFCs have increasingly shifted to less invasive strategies, with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided methods being shown to be safer and equally effective as more invasive surgical techniques. In recent years, many new developments have improved the safety and efficacy of EUS-guided interventions, such as the introduction of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS), direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN) and multiple other adjunctive techniques. Despite these developments, treatment of PFCs, and infected WON in particular, continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this article, we discuss the EUS-guided management of PFCs while reviewing the latest developments and controversies in the field. We end by summarizing our own approach to managing PFCs.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

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J Samhoun, A Chin, D Forcione
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Special Issue Article of IDEN 2013
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Pancreatic Fluid Collection Drainage by Endoscopic Ultrasound: An Update
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Shashideep Singhal, Stephen R. Rotman, Monica Gaidhane, Michel Kahaleh
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Clin Endosc 2013;46(5):506-514. Published online September 30, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.5.506
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Endoscopic management of symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) is now considered to be first line therapy. Expanded use of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) techniques has resulted in increased applicability, safety, and efficacy of endoscopic transluminal PFC drainage. Steps include EUS-guided trangastric or transduodenal fistula creation into the PFC followed by stent placement or nasocystic drain deployment in order to decompress the collection. With the remarkable improvement in the available accessories and stents and development of exchange free access device; EUS drainage techniques have become simpler and less time consuming. The use of self-expandable metal stents with modifications to drain PFC has helped in overcoming some previously encountered challenges. PFCs considered suitable for endoscopic drainage include collection present for greater than 4 weeks, possessing a well-formed wall, position accessible endoscopically and located within 1 cm of the duodenal or gastric walls. Indications for EUS-guided drainage have been increasing which include unusual location of the collection, small window of entry, nonbulging collections, coagulopathy, intervening varices, failed conventional transmural drainage, indeterminate adherence of PFC to the luminal wall or suspicion of malignancy. In this article, we present a review of literature to date and discuss the recent developments in EUS-guided PFC drainage.
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