Clinical Endoscopy

Reviews

Clinical significance of computer-aided quality assessment systems in colonoscopy: a comprehensive review: Wai Phyo Lwin, Katsuro Ichimasa, Shin-Ei Kudo, Yuta Kouyama, Taishi Okumura, Yasuharu Maeda, Yutaro Ide, Khay Guan Yeoh, Masashi Misawa; Received January 17, 2025 Accepted February 10, 2025 Published online May 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2025.022 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Colonoscopy is the primary tool for colorectal cancer screening. High-quality colonoscopy is crucial for the detection of precancerous adenomas; however, the adenoma detection rate varies depending on the skill and experience of the endoscopist. Computer-aided quality assessment (CAQ) uses artificial intelligence (AI) technology to evaluate the quality of colonoscopy examinations. It plays an important role in reducing variations in examination quality and obtaining high-quality colonoscopic images. In this review, we focus specifically on the speedometer, effective withdrawal time, fold examination quality, bowel preparation quality assessment, and cecal intubation with CAQ systems and discuss the role and effectiveness of these systems. CAQ systems are expected to contribute to increase in adenoma detection rates, improvement in endoscopist skills, and standardization of examination quality. However, challenges such as variability in AI performance across different clinical settings and potential overreliance on automated prompts remain key limitations.

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Recent advancement in size measurement during endoscopy: Hye Kyung Jeon, Gwang Ha Kim; Received March 4, 2025 Accepted March 24, 2025 Published online May 23, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2025.070 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Accurate lesion size measurement is essential in endoscopic practice as it influences treatment strategies, surveillance decisions, and clinical outcomes, especially in colorectal polyps. Traditional measurement techniques, including visual estimation and biopsy forceps, have significant interobserver variability and procedural inefficiencies. Recent advancements in digital measurement technologies, including virtual scale endoscopy (VSE) and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted virtual rulers, have addressed these limitations. VSE projects a virtual scale onto endoscopic images, enhancing measurement precision and reducing variability. Several studies have demonstrated its superior accuracy compared with conventional methods; however, limitations such as increased procedure time and operator training requirements persist. AI-assisted virtual rulers utilize deep learning algorithms to automate lesion size estimation, significantly improving reproducibility and diagnostic reliability. Although these technologies offer promising improvements, challenges remain, including real-time integration, standardization, and regulatory approval. Future research should focus on refining AI models, expanding validation studies, and optimizing their usability in routine practice. A hybrid approach that combines AI automation with real-time digital tools may enhance the precision and efficiency of endoscopic lesion assessment, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

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Classification of image-enhanced endoscopy in colon tumors: One-Zoong Kim; Clin Endosc 2025;58(3):337-351. Published online May 8, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.263

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Colorectal cancer accounts for 10% of global cancer cases in each year, making accurate evaluation and resection crucial. Imaging-enhanced endoscopy helps differentiate between hyperplastic polyps and adenomas, guiding treatment decisions. Colon tumors are classified into benign (e.g., serrated and adenomatous polyps) and malignant (e.g., adenocarcinomas). The Paris classification categorizes superficial neoplastic lesions by morphology, while laterally spreading tumors are classified by size and growth pattern. Effective classification aids in determining resectability and appropriate interventions for colon tumors, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Image-enhanced endoscopy improves colon tumor diagnosis using various techniques like dye, optical, and electronic methods. Kudo’s pit pattern categorizes lesions based on surface morphology using dye, while Sano, Jikei, and Hiroshima classifications focus on vascular patterns using narrow-band imaging (NBI). The NBI International Colorectal Endoscopic (NICE) classification integrates these methods to identify lesions, especially deep submucosal invasive cancers. The Workgroup Serrated Polyps and Polyposis (WASP) classification targets sessile serrated lesions, and the Japan NBI Expert Team (JNET) classification further refines adenoma categorization with low- and high-grade adenoma. The Colorectal Neoplasia Endoscopic Classification to Choose the Treatment (CONECCT) classification consolidates multiple systems for comprehensive assessment, aiding in treatment decisions and potentially applicable to artificial intelligence for diagnostic validation across imaging modalities like linked color imaging, blue light imaging, or i-scan.

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Original Article

Impact of contrast dye submucosal pre-lifting on cold snare resection of small polyps: an Italian randomized observational trial: Ramona Schiumerini, Paola Baccarini, Adele Fornelli, Davide Allegri, Francesca Lodato, Alessia Gazzola, Pasquale Apolito, Nunzio P. Longo, Anna M. Polifemo, Franca Patrizi, Federica Buonfiglioli, Stefania Ghersi, Marco Bassi, Liza Ceroni, Antonella Ghetti, Giulio Fonti, Vincenzo Cennamo; Clin Endosc 2025;58(2):291-302. Published online February 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.113

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Small polyps are the most frequently detected lesions during colonoscopy, with an incomplete resection rate of 6.8% to 15.9%. This study aimed to improve small polyp cold snare resection radicality using submucosal contrast dye pre-lifting (PL+CSP).
Methods
This single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial compared the standard cold snare polypectomy technique (PL-CSP) with PL+CSP to evaluate endoscopic and histological complete resection rates, adverse events, procedural times, and polyp retrieval failure rates.
Results
In 143 patients consecutively enrolled, 186 small polyps were detected and randomly assigned following a 1:1 ratio to the PL-CSP (n=97, 51.6%) and PL+CSP (n=90, 48.4%) techniques. Endoscopic (p=0.97) and histologic (p=0.23) complete resection rates did not differ significantly even in univariate analysis. The intraprocedural bleeding rate was significantly higher in the PL+CSP group as confirmed by the univariate analysis (35.8% vs. 8.3%, p<0.001). The polyps retrieval failure rates were similar (p=0.83). Procedural time was significantly longer for PL+CSP (median time, 75 vs. 45 seconds; p<0.001), without impacting colonoscopy withdrawal time (p=0.215).
Conclusions
PL+CSP of small polyps did not improve endoscopic and histological complete resection rates and polyp sample retrieval. PL+CSP had higher rates of intraprocedural bleeding and was “time-consuming”.

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Review

Post-polypectomy colorectal bleeding: current strategies and the way forward: Nilanga Nishad, Mo Hameed Thoufeeq; Clin Endosc 2025;58(2):191-200. Published online November 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.241

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Post-endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) bleeding, or clinically significant post-EMR bleeding, is influenced by factors such as polyp size, right-sided colonic lesions, laterally spreading tumors, anticoagulant use, and comorbidities like cardiovascular or chronic renal disease. The optimal prophylactic therapy for post-EMR bleeding remains unknown, with no consensus on specific criteria for its application. Moreover, prophylactic measures, including clipping, suturing, and coagulation, have produced mixed results. Selective clipping in high-risk patients is cost-effective, whereas universal clipping is not. Studies and meta-analyses indicate that routine prophylactic clipping does not generally reduce post-polypectomy bleeding but may be beneficial in cases of large proximal lesions. Some studies have revealed that the post-polypectomy bleeding risk after EMR of transverse colonic lesions is lower than that of the ascending colon and caecum, suggesting limited efficacy of clipping in the transverse colon. Cost-effectiveness studies support selective clipping in high-risk groups, and newer static agents such as PuraStat are alternatives; however, their cost-effectiveness is undetermined. Further research is required to establish clear guidelines and refine prophylactic strategies to prevent post-EMR bleeding.

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Prophylactic clipping versus no clipping after endoscopic mucosal resection of large non-pedunculated colon polyps: a cost-effectiveness analysis
Sneh Sonaiya, Raj Patel, Charmy Parikh, Magnus Chun, Amrit Narwan, Karan Yagnik, Pranav Patel, Bradley Confer, Harshit Khara, Babu P. Mohan
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Cold snare polypectomy versus cold endoscopic mucosal resection for small colorectal polyps: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: Vishali Moond, Priyadarshini Loganathan, Sheza Malik, Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Babu P. Mohan, Daryl Ramai, Michele McGinnis, Deepak Madhu, Mohammad Bilal, Aasma Shaukat, Saurabh Chandan; Clin Endosc 2024;57(6):747-758. Published online August 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.081

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Cold snare polypectomy (CSP) is routinely performed for small colorectal polyps (≤10 mm). However, challenges include insufficient resection depth and immediate bleeding, hindering precise pathological evaluation. We aimed to compare the outcomes of cold endoscopic mucosal resection (CEMR) with that of CSP for colorectal polyps ≤10 mm, using data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Methods
Multiple databases were searched in December 2023 for RCTs reporting outcomes of CSP versus CEMR for colorectal polyps ≤10 mm in size. Our primary outcomes were rates of complete and en-bloc resections, while our secondary outcomes were total resection time (seconds) and adverse events, including immediate bleeding, delayed bleeding, and perforation.
Results
The complete resection rates did not significantly differ (CSP, 91.8% vs. CEMR 94.6%), nor did the rates of en-bloc resection (CSP, 98.9% vs. CEMR, 98.3%) or incomplete resection (CSP, 6.7% vs. CEMR, 4.8%). Adverse event rates were similarly insignificant in variance. However, CEMR had a notably longer mean resection time (133.51 vs. 91.30 seconds).
Conclusions
Our meta-analysis of seven RCTs showed that while both CSP and CEMR are equally safe and effective for resecting small (≤10 mm) colorectal polyps, the latter is associated with a longer resection time.

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Original Articles

Effectiveness of a novel artificial intelligence-assisted colonoscopy system for adenoma detection: a prospective, propensity score-matched, non-randomized controlled study in Korea: Jung-Bin Park, Jung Ho Bae; Clin Endosc 2025;58(1):112-120. Published online August 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.168

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: The real-world effectiveness of computer-aided detection (CADe) systems during colonoscopies remains uncertain. We assessed the effectiveness of the novel CADe system, ENdoscopy as AI-powered Device (ENAD), in enhancing the adenoma detection rate (ADR) and other quality indicators in real-world clinical practice.
Methods
We enrolled patients who underwent elective colonoscopies between May 2022 and October 2022 at a tertiary healthcare center. Standard colonoscopy (SC) was compared to ENAD-assisted colonoscopy. Eight experienced endoscopists performed the procedures in randomly assigned CADe- and non-CADe-assisted rooms. The primary outcome was a comparison of ADR between the ENAD and SC groups.
Results
A total of 1,758 sex- and age-matched patients were included and evenly distributed into two groups. The ENAD group had a significantly higher ADR (45.1% vs. 38.8%, p=0.010), higher sessile serrated lesion detection rate (SSLDR) (5.7% vs. 2.5%, p=0.001), higher mean number of adenomas per colonoscopy (APC) (0.78±1.17 vs. 0.61±0.99; incidence risk ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.42), and longer withdrawal time (9.0±3.4 vs. 8.3±3.1, p<0.001) than the SC group. However, the mean withdrawal times were not significantly different between the two groups in cases where no polyps were detected (6.9±1.7 vs. 6.7±1.7, p=0.058).
Conclusions
ENAD-assisted colonoscopy significantly improved the ADR, APC, and SSLDR in real-world clinical practice, particularly for smaller and nonpolypoid adenomas.

Citations

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Role of Artificial Intelligence in Improving Quality of Colonoscopy
Ji Hyun Kim, Sung Chul Park, Hyun-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2025; 85(2): 137. CrossRef
Usefulness of an artificial intelligence-based colonoscopy report generation support system
Tatsushi Naito, Takuto Nosaka, Tomoko Tanaka, Yu Akazawa, Kazuto Takahashi, Masahiro Ohtani, Yasunari Nakamoto
Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(2): 327. CrossRef
Edge Artificial Intelligence Device in Real-Time Endoscopy for the Classification of Colonic Neoplasms
Eun Jeong Gong, Chang Seok Bang
Diagnostics.2025; 15(12): 1478. CrossRef
Artificial intelligence in endoscopy and colonoscopy: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research trends
Negin Letafatkar, Amr Ali Mohamed Abdelgawwad El-Sehrawy, KDV Prasad, Ahmad Alkhayyat, Ehsan Amini-Salehi, Maryam Hasanpour, Masoomeh Namdar Taleshani, Mohammad Hashemi, Hadi Alotaibi, Pegah Rashidian, Mohammad-Hossein Keivanlou, Soheil Hassanipour
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
GI Genius increases small and right-sided adenoma and sessile serrated lesion detection rate when used with EndoCuff in a real-world setting: a retrospective United States study
Jeong Hoon Kim, Jade Wang, Colton Pence, Patrick Magahis, Enad Dawod, Felice Schnoll-Sussman, Reem Z. Sharaiha, David Wan
Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(3): 438. CrossRef
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Polyp Size and Surveillance Colonoscopy: A Phantom Study
Muhammad N Yousaf, Neal Sharma, Michelle L Matteson-Kome, Srinivas Puli, Douglas Nguyen, Matthew L Bechtold
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Edge Artificial Intelligence Device in Real-Time Endoscopy for Classification of Gastric Neoplasms: Development and Validation Study
Eun Jeong Gong, Chang Seok Bang, Jae Jun Lee
Biomimetics.2024; 9(12): 783. CrossRef

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Endoscopic management of giant colonic polyps: a retrospective Italian study: Paolo Quitadamo, Sara Isoldi, Germana De Nucci, Giulia Muzi, Flora Caruso; Clin Endosc 2024;57(4):501-507. Published online June 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.229

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Polyps greater than 30 mm are classified as “giants”. Their endoscopic removal represents a technical challenge. The choice of the endoscopic removal technique is important because it provides a resection sample for precise histopathological staging. This is pivotal for diagnostic, prognostic, and management purposes.
Methods
From a retrospective analysis, we obtained a sample of 38 giant polyps. Eighteen polypectomies were performed using the epinephrine volume reduction (EVR) method, nine polypectomies utilized endo-looping or clipping methods, and 11 patients underwent surgery.
Results
We obtained en bloc resection with the EVR method in all cases; histology confirmed the correct indication for endoscopic resection in all cases. Moreover, no early or delayed complications were observed, and no patient required hospitalization. Using endo-looping or clipping methods, we observed advanced histology in 1/9 (11.1%) cases, while another patient (1/9, 11.1%) had delayed bleeding. Among patients who underwent surgery, 5/11 (45.5%) were deemed overtreated and three had post-surgical complications.
Conclusions
We propose EVR as an alternative technique for giant polyp resection due to its safety, effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and the advantage of avoiding the need to postpone polypectomy to a later time. Further prospective studies might help improve this experience and enhance the technique.

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Endoscopic approaches for the management of giant colonic polyps
Yunho Jung
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(4): 468. CrossRef

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Performance comparison between two computer-aided detection colonoscopy models by trainees using different false positive thresholds: a cross-sectional study in Thailand: Kasenee Tiankanon, Julalak Karuehardsuwan, Satimai Aniwan, Parit Mekaroonkamol, Panukorn Sunthornwechapong, Huttakan Navadurong, Kittithat Tantitanawat, Krittaya Mekritthikrai, Salin Samutrangsi, Peerapon Vateekul, Rungsun Rerknimitr; Clin Endosc 2024;57(2):217-225. Published online February 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.145

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: This study aims to compare polyp detection performance of “Deep-GI,” a newly developed artificial intelligence (AI) model, to a previously validated AI model computer-aided polyp detection (CADe) using various false positive (FP) thresholds and determining the best threshold for each model.
Methods
Colonoscopy videos were collected prospectively and reviewed by three expert endoscopists (gold standard), trainees, CADe (CAD EYE; Fujifilm Corp.), and Deep-GI. Polyp detection sensitivity (PDS), polyp miss rates (PMR), and false-positive alarm rates (FPR) were compared among the three groups using different FP thresholds for the duration of bounding boxes appearing on the screen.
Results
In total, 170 colonoscopy videos were used in this study. Deep-GI showed the highest PDS (99.4% vs. 85.4% vs. 66.7%, p<0.01) and the lowest PMR (0.6% vs. 14.6% vs. 33.3%, p<0.01) when compared to CADe and trainees, respectively. Compared to CADe, Deep-GI demonstrated lower FPR at FP thresholds of ≥0.5 (12.1 vs. 22.4) and ≥1 second (4.4 vs. 6.8) (both p<0.05). However, when the threshold was raised to ≥1.5 seconds, the FPR became comparable (2 vs. 2.4, p=0.3), while the PMR increased from 2% to 10%.
Conclusions
Compared to CADe, Deep-GI demonstrated a higher PDS with significantly lower FPR at ≥0.5- and ≥1-second thresholds. At the ≥1.5-second threshold, both systems showed comparable FPR with increased PMR.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effectiveness of a novel artificial intelligence-assisted colonoscopy system for adenoma detection: a prospective, propensity score-matched, non-randomized controlled study in Korea
Jung-Bin Park, Jung Ho Bae
Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(1): 112. CrossRef
Understanding the discrepancy in the effectiveness of artificial intelligence-assisted colonoscopy: from randomized controlled trials to clinical reality
Jung Ho Bae
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(6): 765. CrossRef
Edge Artificial Intelligence Device in Real-Time Endoscopy for Classification of Gastric Neoplasms: Development and Validation Study
Eun Jeong Gong, Chang Seok Bang, Jae Jun Lee
Biomimetics.2024; 9(12): 783. CrossRef

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Review

Detecting colorectal lesions with image-enhanced endoscopy: an updated review from clinical trials: Mizuki Nagai, Sho Suzuki, Yohei Minato, Fumiaki Ishibashi, Kentaro Mochida, Ken Ohata, Tetsuo Morishita; Clin Endosc 2023;56(5):553-562. Published online July 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.055

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Colonoscopy plays an important role in reducing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer by detecting adenomas and other precancerous lesions. Image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) increases lesion visibility by enhancing the microstructure, blood vessels, and mucosal surface color, resulting in the detection of colorectal lesions. In recent years, various IEE techniques have been used in clinical practice, each with its unique characteristics. Numerous studies have reported the effectiveness of IEE in the detection of colorectal lesions. IEEs can be divided into two broad categories according to the nature of the image: images constructed using narrowband wavelength light, such as narrowband imaging and blue laser imaging/blue light imaging, or color images based on white light, such as linked color imaging, texture and color enhancement imaging, and i-scan. Conversely, artificial intelligence (AI) systems, such as computer-aided diagnosis systems, have recently been developed to assist endoscopists in detecting colorectal lesions during colonoscopy. To better understand the features of each IEE, this review presents the effectiveness of each type of IEE and their combination with AI for colorectal lesion detection by referencing the latest research data.

Citations

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Advanced Endoscopic Imaging for Detection of Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Laura Alexandra Lucaciu, Edward John Despott
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America.2025; 35(1): 141. CrossRef
Practical utility of linked color imaging in colonoscopy: Updated literature review
Fumiaki Ishibashi, Sho Suzuki
Digestive Endoscopy.2025; 37(2): 147. CrossRef
Survey of the Actual Practices Used for Endoscopic Removal of Colon Polyps in Korea: A Comparison with the Current Guidelines
Jeongseok Kim, Tae-Geun Gweon, Min Seob Kwak, Su Young Kim, Seong Jung Kim, Hyun Gun Kim, Sung Noh Hong, Eun Sun Kim, Chang Mo Moon, Dae Seong Myung, Dong-Hoon Baek, Shin Ju Oh, Hyun Jung Lee, Ji Young Lee, Yunho Jung, Jaeyoung Chun, Dong-Hoon Yang, Eun R
Gut and Liver.2025; 19(1): 77. CrossRef
European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2025 with focus on breast cancer
C. Santucci, S. Mignozzi, F. Levi, M. Malvezzi, P. Boffetta, E. Negri, C. La Vecchia
Annals of Oncology.2025; 36(4): 460. CrossRef
Classification of image-enhanced endoscopy in colon tumors
One-Zoong Kim
Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(3): 337. CrossRef
Advantages of new generation colonoscopes on adenoma detection: A propensity-score matching study
Toshihiro Nishizawa, Osamu Toyoshima, Shuntaro Yoshida, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Hideki Nakagawa, Hiroya Mizutani, Yosuke Kataoka, Takamitsu Kanazawa, Hirotoshi Ebinuma, Keisuke Hata
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Approaches and considerations in the endoscopic treatment of T1 colorectal cancer
Yunho Jung
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2024; 39(4): 563. CrossRef
The Past, Present and Future of Imaging Enhanced Endoscopy in Colon Tumor
Kyueng-Whan Min, One-Zoong Kim
Journal of Digestive Cancer Research.2024; 12(2): 90. CrossRef
Texture and color enhancement imaging versus white light imaging for the detection of colorectal adenomas: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Stefan Mitev, Humza Saeed, Ch Faizan Rasheed, Abdullah, Stefan Murvakov, Vassil Sirakov, Stefan Tchernodrinski, Zoya Spassova
Endoscopy International Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Strategy for post-polypectomy colonoscopy surveillance: focus on the revised Korean guidelines
Yong Soo Kwon, Su Young Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 652. CrossRef
AI-powered medical devices for practical clinicians including the diagnosis of colorectal polyps
Donghwan Kim, Eunsun Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 658. CrossRef

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Original Article

Utility of narrow-band imaging with or without dual focus magnification in neoplastic prediction of small colorectal polyps: a Vietnamese experience: Tien Manh Huynh, Quang Dinh Le, Nhan Quang Le, Huy Minh Le, Duc Trong Quach; Clin Endosc 2023;56(4):479-489. Published online May 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.212

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Accurate neoplastic prediction can significantly decrease costs associated with pathology and unnecessary colorectal polypectomies. Narrow band imaging (NBI) and dual-focus (DF) mode are promising emerging optical technologies for recognizing neoplastic features of colorectal polyps digitally. This study aimed to clarify the clinical usefulness of NBI with and without DF assistance in the neoplastic prediction of small colorectal polyps (<10 mm).
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 530 small colorectal polyps from 343 consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopy at the University Medical Center from September 2020 to May 2021. Each polyp was endoscopically diagnosed in three successive steps using white-light endoscopy (WLE), NBI, and NBI-DF and retrieved for histopathological assessment. The diagnostic accuracy of each modality was evaluated with reference to histopathology.
Results
There were 295 neoplastic polyps and 235 non-neoplastic polyps. The overall accuracies of WLE, WLE+NBI, and WLE+NBI+NBI-DF in the neoplastic prediction of colorectal polyps were 70.8%, 87.4%, and 90.8%, respectively (p<0.001). The accuracy of WLE+NBI+NBI-DF was signiﬁcantly higher than that of WLE+NBI in the polyp size ≤5 mm subgroup (87.3% vs. 90.1%, p<0.001).
Conclusions
NBI improved the real-time neoplastic prediction of small colorectal polyps. The DF mode was especially useful in polyps ≤5 mm in size.

Citations

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Advances in Clinical Research on Colorectal Polyps in the Context of Precision Medicine
绩徽李
Asian Case Reports in Emergency Medicine.2025; 13(02): 146. CrossRef
Effectiveness of Dual-Focus Magnification on Confidence Levels in Optical Diagnosis of Small Colorectal Polyps
Tien M Huynh, Quang D Le, Nhan Q Le , Huy M Le , Duc T Quach
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Implementing narrow banding imaging with dual focus magnification for histological prediction of small rectosigmoid polyps in Vietnamese setting
Tien Manh Huynh, Quang Dinh Le, Nhan Quang Le, Huy Minh Le, Duc Trong Quach
JGH Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of narrow-band imaging with or without dual focus in the detection of polyps smaller than 10 mm, especially diminutive polyps
Jin Hwa Park
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(4): 455. CrossRef
Strategy for post-polypectomy colonoscopy surveillance: focus on the revised Korean guidelines
Yong Soo Kwon, Su Young Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 652. CrossRef

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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Outcomes of thin versus thick-wire snares for cold snare polypectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Suprabhat Giri, Vaneet Jearth, Harish Darak, Sridhar Sundaram; Clin Endosc 2022;55(6):742-750. Published online November 9, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.141

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Cold snare polypectomy (CSP) is commonly used for the resection of colorectal polyps ≤10 mm. Data regarding the influence of snare type on CSP effectiveness are conflicting. Hence, this meta-analysis aimed to compare the outcomes and safety of thin- and thick-wire snares for CSP.
Methods
A comprehensive search of the literature published between 2000 and 2021 was performed of various databases for comparative studies evaluating the outcomes of thin- versus thick-wire snares for CSP.
Results
Five studies with data on 1,425 polyps were included in the analysis. The thick-wire snare was comparable to the thin-wire snare with respect to complete histological resection (risk ratio [RR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97–1.09), overall bleeding (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.40–2.40), polyp retrieval (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.97–1.04), and involvement of submucosa in the resection specimen (RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.72–2.28). There was no publication bias and a small study effect, and the relative effects remained the same in the sensitivity analysis.
Conclusions
CSP using a thin-wire snare has no additional benefit over thick-wire snares in small colorectal polyps. Factors other than snare design may play a role in improving CSP outcomes.

Citations

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High‐Performance Dedicated Snares with Tip Attachments can Overcome Current Disadvantages in Cold Snare Polypectomy
Ryohei Hirose, Naohisa Yoshida, Takuma Yoshida, Hiroki Mukai, Katsuma Yamauchi, Hajime Miyazaki, Naoto Watanabe, Risa Bandou, Ken Inoue, Osamu Dohi, Yoshikazu Inagaki, Yutaka Inada, Takaaki Murakami, Akio Yanagisawa, Hiroshi Ikegaya, Takaaki Nakaya, Yoshi
Advanced Materials Technologies.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Endoscopic Resection for Superficial Non-Ampullary Duodenal Epithelial Tumors
Hye Kyung Jeon, Gwang Ha Kim
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Mechanisms of cutting soft tissues using snare-type tools
Jinghang Wang, Urara Satake, Toshiyuki Enomoto
Medical Engineering & Physics.2025; 138: 104314. CrossRef
Factors determining the resection ability of snares in cold snare polypectomy: Construction of an ex vivo model for accurately evaluating resection ability
Ryohei Hirose, Takuma Yoshida, Naohisa Yoshida, Katsuma Yamauchi, Hajime Miyazaki, Naoto Watanabe, Risa Bandou, Ken Inoue, Hiroshi Ikegaya, Takaaki Nakaya, Yoshito Itoh
Digestive Endoscopy.2024; 36(5): 573. CrossRef
Effectiveness and safety of thin vs. thick cold snare polypectomy of small colorectal polyps: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Rishad Khan, Sunil Samnani, Marcus Vaska, Samir C Grover, Catharine M Walsh, Jeffrey Mosko, Michael J Bourke, Steven J Heitman, Nauzer Forbes
Endoscopy International Open.2024; 12(01): E99. CrossRef
International Digestive Endoscopy Network consensus on the management of antithrombotic agents in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy
Seung Joo Kang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Seok Bang, Cheol Min Shin, Young-Hoon Jeong, Miyoung Choi, Joo Ha Hwang, Yutaka Saito, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Christopher Khor, Vu Van Khien, Kee Don Choi, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Oh Young Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(2): 141. CrossRef
IDEN Consensus on Management of Antithrombotic Agents in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Seung Joo Kang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Seok Bang, Cheol Min Shin, Young-Hoon Jeong, Miyoung Choi, Joo Ha Hwang, Yutaka Saito, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Christopher Khor, Vu Van Khien, Kee Don Choi, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Oh Young Lee
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Shouqi Wang, Qi Zhang, Li Rong Meng, Ying Wu, Pedro Fong, Weixia Zhou
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S Giri, S Sundaram
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Original Article

Endoscopic and histological characteristics of small bowel tumors diagnosed by double-balloon enteroscopy: Suleyman Dolu, Soner Onem, Zarni Htway, Farid Hajıyev, Ali Bilgen, Hatice Cilem Binicier, Ecem Kalemoglu, Ozgul Sagol, Mesut Akarsu; Clin Endosc 2023;56(1):83-91. Published online October 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.131

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) allows for the diagnoses and treatment of small bowel tumors (SBTs). This study aimed to evaluate the utility of DBE for the diagnosis and treatment of SBTs.
Methods
Patients diagnosed with SBTs who underwent DBE were included in this study. According to their endoscopic appearances, they were categorized as polyps or masses, and according to their histological characteristics, they were categorized as benign or malignant SBTs.
Results
A total of 704 patients were retrospectively analyzed, and 90 (12.8%) were diagnosed with SBTs. According to their endoscopic appearance, 48 (53.3%) had polyps and 42 (46.7%) had masses. Additionally, 53 (58.9%) and 37 (41.1%) patients had malignant and benign SBTs, respectively, depending on their histological characteristics. Patients diagnosed with polyps were younger than those diagnosed with masses (p<0.001). Patients diagnosed with benign SBTs were younger than those diagnosed with malignant SBT (p<0.001). Overall, histological diagnosis was determined using DBE in 73 (81.1%) patients.
Conclusions
DBE is a useful method for diagnosing SBTs. Additionally, the histological type of the lesion can be determined using DBE.

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Effectiveness of Double Balloon Enteroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Small Bowel Varices
Suleyman Dolu, Mehmet Emin Arayici, Soner Onem, Ilker Buyuktorun, Huseyin Dongelli, Goksel Bengi, Mesut Akarsu
Diagnostics.2025; 15(3): 336. CrossRef
Balloon-assisted enteroscopy in the management of adult small-bowel intussusception: a comparative analysis of with and without double-balloon enteroscopy
Won Shik Kim, Beom Jae Lee, Moon Kyung Joo, Seung Han Kim, Jong-Jae Park
Surgical Endoscopy.2025; 39(3): 2044. CrossRef
Diagnostic and Clinical Impact of Double-Balloon Enteroscopy in Small-Bowel Inflammatory Lesions: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Turkish Population
Suleyman Dolu, Mehmet Emin Arayici, Soner Onem, Huseyin Dongelli, Mesut Akarsu
Diagnostics.2025; 15(6): 661. CrossRef
Small Bowel Tumors: A 7-Year Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Sergiu Marian Cazacu, Dan Cârțu, Mihai Popescu, Liliana Streba, Bogdan Silviu Ungureanu, Vlad Florin Iovănescu, Mihai Cimpoeru, Cecil Sorin Mirea, Valeriu Marian Surlin, Stelian Mogoantă, Mirela Marinela Florescu
Cancers.2025; 17(9): 1465. CrossRef

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Review

Korean guidelines for postpolypectomy colonoscopic surveillance: 2022 revised edition: Su Young Kim, Min Seob Kwak, Soon Man Yoon, Yunho Jung, Jong Wook Kim, Sun-Jin Boo, Eun Hye Oh, Seong Ran Jeon, Seung-Joo Nam, Seon-Young Park, Soo-Kyung Park, Jaeyoung Chun, Dong Hoon Baek, Mi-Young Choi, Suyeon Park, Jeong-Sik Byeon, Hyung Kil Kim, Joo Young Cho, Moon Sung Lee, Oh Young Lee, Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Korean Society of Gastroenterology, Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases; Clin Endosc 2022;55(6):703-725. Published online October 13, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.136

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Colonoscopic polypectomy is effective in decreasing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC). Premalignant polyps discovered during colonoscopy are associated with the risk of metachronous advanced neoplasia. Postpolypectomy surveillance is the most important method for the management of advanced metachronous neoplasia. A more efficient and evidence-based guideline for postpolypectomy surveillance is required because of limited medical resources and concerns regarding colonoscopy complications. In these consensus guidelines, an analytic approach was used to address all reliable evidence to interpret the predictors of CRC or advanced neoplasia during surveillance colonoscopy. The key recommendations state that the high-risk findings for metachronous CRC following polypectomy are as follows: (1) adenoma ≥10 mm in size; (2) 3 to 5 (or more) adenomas; (3) tubulovillous or villous adenoma; (4) adenoma containing high-grade dysplasia; (5) traditional serrated adenoma; (6) sessile serrated lesion (SSL) containing any grade of dysplasia; (7) serrated polyp of at least 10 mm in size; and (8) 3 to 5 (or more) SSLs. More studies are needed to fully comprehend the patients most likely to benefit from surveillance colonoscopy and the ideal surveillance interval to prevent metachronous CRC.

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Influence of Lifestyles on Polyp Burden and Cancer Development in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes
Hye Kyung Hyun, Ji Soo Park, Jihye Park, Soo Jung Park, Jae Jun Park, Jae Hee Cheon, Tae Il Kim
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Minimum Platelet Count Threshold for Safe Colonoscopic Polypectomy: A Large-Scale Propensity Scored-Matched Analysis
Hye Kyung Hyun, Nak-Hoon Son, Cheal Wung Huh, Hyun Chul Lim, So Hyeon Gwon, Jihye Park, Soo Jung Park, Jae Jun Park, Jae Hee Cheon, Tae Il Kim
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Improving Quality of Colonoscopy
Ji Hyun Kim, Sung Chul Park, Hyun-Soo Kim
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Prevalence and Characteristics of Colorectal Serrated Polyps
Soo-Young Na
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Association between Atherosclerosis and High-Risk Colorectal Adenomas based on Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index and Ankle-Brachial Index
Jung Ho Lee, Hyunseok Cho, Sang Hoon Lee, Sung Joon Lee, Chang Don Kang, Dae Hee Choi, Jin Myung Park, Seung-Joo Nam, Tae Suk Kim, Ji Hyun Kim, Sung Chul Park
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 83(4): 143. CrossRef
A survey of current practices in post-polypectomy surveillance in Korea
Jeongseok Kim, Tae-Geun Gweon, Min Seob Kwak, Su Young Kim, Seong Jung Kim, Hyun Gun Kim, Eun Ran Kim, Sung Noh Hong, Eun Sun Kim, Chang Mo Moon, Dae Seong Myung, Dong Hoon Baek, Shin Ju Oh, Hyun Jung Lee, Ji Young Lee, Yunho Jung, Jaeyoung Chun, Dong-Hoo
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Yunho Jung
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Utilizing ChatGPT4 in Deciding Follow-up Examination Intervals After Colonoscopy
Hyung-Hoon Oh
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Korean Guidelines for Postpolypectomy Colonoscopic Surveillance: 2022 Revision
Su Young Kim
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2023; 98(3): 102. CrossRef
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Mizuki Nagai, Sho Suzuki, Yohei Minato, Fumiaki Ishibashi, Kentaro Mochida, Ken Ohata, Tetsuo Morishita
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Dong-Hoon Yang
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Classification and endoscopic diagnosis of colorectal polyps
Ji Hyun Kim, Sung Chul Park
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Yunho Jung
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Original Articles

Optical diagnosis by near-focus versus normal-focus narrow band imaging colonoscopy in colorectal polyps based on combined NICE and WASP classification: a randomized controlled trial: Nisa Netinatsunton, Natcha Cheewasereechon, Tanawat Pattarapuntakul, Jaksin Sottisuporn, Kanet Kanjanapradit, Bancha Ovartlarnporn; Clin Endosc 2022;55(5):645-654. Published online September 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.048

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) International Colorectal Endoscopic (NICE) and Workgroup Serrated Polyps and Polyposis (WASP) classifications were developed for optical diagnosis of neoplastic and sessile serrated polyps, respectively. Near-focus NBI with NICE combined with WASP criteria for optical diagnosis of colonic polyps has not yet been evaluated. We aimed to compare the accuracy of near-focus NBI (group A) with normal-focus NBI (group B) in real-time optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps using combined NICE and WASP criteria.
Methods
Among 362 patients, 118 with 227 polyps were recruited. Groups A and B included 62 patients with 130 polyps (three lost polyps) and 56 patients with 106 polyps (six lost polyps), respectively. Optical diagnoses were compared with pathological reports.
Results
The accuracy of optical diagnosis of neoplastic polyps in groups A and B was not significantly different (76% vs. 71%, p=0.52). WASP criteria provided all false positive diagnoses of sessile polyps as serrated polyps in 31 (16.2%) patients.
Conclusions
Near-focus NBI was not superior to normal-focus NBI in optical diagnostics of neoplastic polyps using NICE criteria. In our study, WASP classification yielded all false positives in the diagnosis of sessile serrated adenomas/polyps. Routine real-life optical diagnosis of polyps is still unadvisable.

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Colonoscopy Quality, Innovation, and the Assessment of New Technology
Sanjay R.V. Gadi, Sriya S. Muralidharan, Jeremy R. Glissen Brown
Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2024; 26(2): 177. CrossRef
Endoscopic characteristics and performance of WASP classification in the diagnosis of colorectal sessile‐serrated lesions in Vietnamese patients
Nhu Thi Hanh Vu, Huy Minh Le, Diem Thi‐Ngoc Vo, Nhan Quang Le, Dung Dang Quy Ho, Duc Trong Quach
JGH Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Classification and endoscopic diagnosis of colorectal polyps
Ji Hyun Kim, Sung Chul Park
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 633. CrossRef
Understanding colorectal polyps to prevent colorectal cancer
Dong-Hoon Yang
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 626. CrossRef
AI-powered medical devices for practical clinicians including the diagnosis of colorectal polyps
Donghwan Kim, Eunsun Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 658. CrossRef
Detecting colorectal lesions with image-enhanced endoscopy: an updated review from clinical trials
Mizuki Nagai, Sho Suzuki, Yohei Minato, Fumiaki Ishibashi, Kentaro Mochida, Ken Ohata, Tetsuo Morishita
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(5): 553. CrossRef

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Factors influencing endoscopic estimation of colon polyp size in a colon model: Koen Robert Beukema, Jaimy A. Simmering, Marjolein Brusse-Keizer, Sneha John, Rutger Quispel, Peter B. Mensink; Clin Endosc 2022;55(4):540-548. Published online July 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.017

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Colorectal polyps are removed to prevent progression to colorectal cancer. Polyp size is an important factor for risk stratification of malignant transformation. Endoscopic size estimation correlates poorly with pathological reports and several factors have been suggested to influence size estimation. We aimed to gain insight into the factors influencing endoscopic polyp size estimation.
Methods
Images of polyps in an artificial model were obtained at 1, 3, and 5 cm from the colonoscope’s tip. Participants were asked to estimate the diameter and volume of each polyp.
Results
Fifteen endoscopists from three large-volume centers participated in this study. With an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62–0.71) for diameter and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.50–0.62) for volume. Polyp size estimated at 3 cm from the colonoscope’s tip yielded the best results. A lower distance between the tip and the polyp was associated with a larger estimated polyp size.
Conclusions
Correct endoscopic estimation of polyp size remains challenging. This finding can affect size estimation skills and future training programs for endoscopists.

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Mahsa Taghiakbari, Roupen Djinbachian, Juliette Labelle, Daniel von Renteln
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Yudai Takehara, Ken Yamashita, Shin Morimoto, Fumiaki Tanino, Noriko Yamamoto, Yuki Kamigaichi, Hidenori Tanaka, Hidehiko Takigawa, Ryo Yuge, Yuji Urabe, Shiro Oka
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Reviews

Post-polypectomy surveillance: the present and the future: Masau Sekiguchi, Takahisa Matsuda, Kinichi Hotta, Yutaka Saito; Clin Endosc 2022;55(4):489-495. Published online July 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.097

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

An appropriate post-polypectomy surveillance program requires the effectiveness of reducing colorectal cancer and safety. In addition, the post-polypectomy surveillance program should consider the burden of limited medical resource capacity, cost-effectiveness, and patient adherence. In this sense, a risk-stratified surveillance program based on baseline colonoscopy results is ideal. Major international guidelines for post-polypectomy surveillance, such as those from the European Union and the United States, have recommended risk-stratified surveillance programs. Both guidelines have recently been updated to better differentiate between high- and low-risk individuals. In both updated guidelines, more individuals have been downgraded to lower-risk groups that require less frequent or no surveillance. Furthermore, increased attention has been paid to the surveillance of patients who undergo serrated polyp removal. Previous guidelines in Japan did not clearly outline the risk stratification in post-polypectomy surveillance. However, the new colonoscopy screening and surveillance guidelines presented by the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society include a risk-stratified post-polypectomy surveillance program. Further discussion and analysis of unresolved issues in this field, such as the optimal follow-up after the first surveillance, the upper age limit for surveillance, and the ideal method for improving adherence to surveillance guidelines, are warranted.

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Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(5): 553. CrossRef
Strategy for post-polypectomy colonoscopy surveillance: focus on the revised Korean guidelines
Yong Soo Kwon, Su Young Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 652. CrossRef
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Yunho Jung
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 642. CrossRef
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Dong-Hoon Yang
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 626. CrossRef

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Can Computed Tomography Colonography Replace Optical Colonoscopy in Detecting Colorectal Lesions?: State of the Art: Alessia Chini, Michele Manigrasso, Grazia Cantore, Rosa Maione, Marco Milone, Francesco Maione, Giovanni Domenico De Palma; Clin Endosc 2022;55(2):183-190. Published online February 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.254

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Colorectal cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Optical colonoscopy (OC) is widely accepted as the reference standard for the screening of colorectal polyps and cancers, and computed tomography colonography (CTC) is a valid alternative to OC. The purpose of this review was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of OC and CTC for colorectal lesions. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, and 18 articles were included. CTC has emerged in recent years as a potential screening examination with high accuracy for the detection of colorectal lesions. However, the clinical application of CTC as a screening technique is limited because it is highly dependent on the size of the lesions and has poor performance in detecting individual lesions <5 mm or flat lesions, which, although rarely, can have a malignant potential.

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Case Report

Less invasive transoral resection of esophageal fibrovascular polyps: case reports: Janusz Włodarczyk, Tomasz Smęder; Clin Endosc 2022;55(5):683-687. Published online December 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.144

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

We report five patients treated for esophageal fibrovascular polyps using a minimally invasive technique. Esophageal fibrovascular polyps are benign pedunculated submucosal tumors of considerable size. The treated polyps size ranged from 1.5 to 13 cm. The polyps were removed by relocation to the oral cavity under endoscopic control. No perioperative complications occurred after the treatment. The follow-up of patients after surgery was 9–89 months, with no evidence of polyp recurrence. Thus, the described treatment is safe but requires experience with endoscopy as well as esophageal surgery.

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Review

Current Treatment Strategy for Superficial Nonampullary Duodenal Epithelial Tumors: Tetsuya Suwa, Kohei Takizawa, Noboru Kawata, Masao Yoshida, Yohei Yabuuchi, Yoichi Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Ono; Clin Endosc 2022;55(1):15-21. Published online September 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.141

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the standard treatment method for esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers. However, it has not been standardized for duodenal lesions because of its high complication rates. Recently, minimally invasive and simple methods such as cold snare polypectomy and underwater endoscopic mucosal resection have been utilized more for superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADETs). Although the rate of complications associated with duodenal ESD has been gradually decreasing because of technical advancements, performing ESD for all SNADETs is unnecessary. As such, the appropriate treatment plan for SNADETs should be chosen according to the lesion type, patient condition, and endoscopist’s skill.

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Original Article

Artificial Intelligence-Based Colorectal Polyp Histology Prediction by Using Narrow-Band Image-Magnifying Colonoscopy: Istvan Racz, Andras Horvath, Noemi Kranitz, Gyongyi Kiss, Henriett Regoczi, Zoltan Horvath; Clin Endosc 2022;55(1):113-121. Published online September 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.149

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: We have been developing artificial intelligence based polyp histology prediction (AIPHP) method to classify Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) magnifying colonoscopy images to predict the hyperplastic or neoplastic histology of polyps. Our aim was to analyze the accuracy of AIPHP and narrow-band imaging international colorectal endoscopic (NICE) classification based histology predictions and also to compare the results of the two methods.
Methods
We studied 373 colorectal polyp samples taken by polypectomy from 279 patients. The documented NBI still images were analyzed by the AIPHP method and by the NICE classification parallel. The AIPHP software was created by machine learning method. The software measures five geometrical and color features on the endoscopic image.
Results
The accuracy of AIPHP was 86.6% (323/373) in total of polyps. We compared the AIPHP accuracy results for diminutive and non-diminutive polyps (82.1% vs. 92.2%; p=0.0032). The accuracy of the hyperplastic histology prediction was significantly better by NICE compared to AIPHP method both in the diminutive polyps (n=207) (95.2% vs. 82.1%) (p<0.001) and also in all evaluated polyps (n=373) (97.1% vs. 86.6%) (p<0.001)
Conclusions
Our artificial intelligence based polyp histology prediction software could predict histology with high accuracy only in the large size polyp subgroup.

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Edge Artificial Intelligence Device in Real-Time Endoscopy for the Classification of Colonic Neoplasms
Eun Jeong Gong, Chang Seok Bang
Diagnostics.2025; 15(12): 1478. CrossRef
Colon polyps: updates in classification and management
David Dornblaser, Sigird Young, Aasma Shaukat
Current Opinion in Gastroenterology.2024; 40(1): 14. CrossRef
Employing deep learning for predicting the thermal properties of water and nano-encapsulated phase change material
Saihua Xu, Ali Basem, Hasan A Al-Asadi, Rishabh Chaturvedi, Gulrux Daminova, Yasser Fouad, Dheyaa J Jasim, Javid Alhoee
International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies.2024; 19: 1453. CrossRef
Endoscopic Artificial Intelligence for Image Analysis in Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
Ryosuke Kikuchi, Kazuaki Okamoto, Tsuyoshi Ozawa, Junichi Shibata, Soichiro Ishihara, Tomohiro Tada
Digestion.2024; 105(6): 419. CrossRef
Detecting colorectal lesions with image-enhanced endoscopy: an updated review from clinical trials
Mizuki Nagai, Sho Suzuki, Yohei Minato, Fumiaki Ishibashi, Kentaro Mochida, Ken Ohata, Tetsuo Morishita
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(5): 553. CrossRef
AI-powered medical devices for practical clinicians including the diagnosis of colorectal polyps
Donghwan Kim, Eunsun Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 658. CrossRef
Artificial Intelligence-Based Colorectal Polyp Histology Prediction: High Accuracy in Larger Polyps
Naoki Muguruma, Tetsuji Takayama
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(1): 45. CrossRef
Artificial intelligence-based colorectal polyp histology prediction using narrow-band image-magnifying colonoscopy: a stepping stone for clinical practice
Ji Young Chang
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(5): 699. CrossRef
Response to Artificial intelligence-based colorectal polyp histology prediction using narrow-band image-magnifying colonoscopy: a stepping stone for clinical practice
Istvan Racz, Andras Horvath, Zoltán Horvath
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(5): 701. CrossRef

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Case Reports

A large and pedunculated inflammatory pseudotumor with pseudosarcomatous change of the cecum mimicking a malignant polyp: a case report and literature review: Jong Suk Oh, Hyung Wook Kim, Su Bum Park, Dae Hwan Kang, Cheol Woong Choi, Su Jin Kim, Hyeong Seok Nam, Dae Gon Ryu; Clin Endosc 2023;56(1):119-124. Published online July 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.081

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is a rare benign tumor of unknown etiology that can occur in almost any organ system. It has neoplastic features such as local recurrence, invasive growth, and vascular invasion, leading to the possibility of malignant sarcomatous changes. The clinical presentations of colonic IPT may include abdominal pain, anemia, a palpable mass, and intestinal obstruction. A few cases of colonic IPT have been reported, but colonic IPT with pedunculated morphology is very rare. Furthermore, since it can mimic malignant polyps, understanding the endoscopic findings of colonic IPT is important for proper treatment. Herein, we present a case of colonic IPT with pseudosarcomatous changes, presenting as a large polyp, mimicking a malignant polyp in the cecum, along with a literature review.

4,817 View
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Extracutaneous mastocytoma of colon: a case report and literature review: Min Su Chu, Eui Joong Kim; Clin Endosc 2022;55(6):810-814. Published online July 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.003

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Extracutaneous mastocytoma is a rare benign tumor composed of mature mast cells and is located in tissues other than the skin. We report the case of a 61-year-old male who was diagnosed with extracutaneous mastocytoma via colonoscopic polypectomy and biopsy. To our knowledge, this was the first case of a solitary extracutaneous mastocytoma of the colon. We reported this case and reviewed the literature.

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Incidental discovery of KIT‐mutated mastocytoma in a colon polyp
Naseema Gangat, Ellen McPhail, Kaaren Reichard, Attilio Orazi, Animesh Pardanani, Ayalew Tefferi
American Journal of Hematology.2024; 99(5): 973. CrossRef

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175 Download
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Original Articles

Underwater Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for 10 mm or Larger Nonpedunculated Colorectal Polyps: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Rajat Garg, Amandeep Singh, Manik Aggarwal, Jaideep Bhalla, Babu P. Mohan, Carol Burke, Tarun Rustagi, Prabhleen Chahal; Clin Endosc 2021;54(3):379-389. Published online April 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.276

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Recent studies have reported the favorable outcomes of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) for colorectal polyps. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety of UEMR for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm.
Methods
We performed a comprehensive search of multiple databases (through May 2020) to identify studies reporting the outcomes of UEMR for ≥10 mm nonpedunculated colorectal polyps. The assessed outcomes were recurrence rate on the first follow-up, en bloc resection, incomplete resection, and adverse events after UEMR.
Results
A total of 1276 polyps from 16 articles were included in our study. The recurrence rate was 7.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3–12) and 5.9% (95% CI, 3.6–9.4) for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 and ≥20 mm, respectively. For nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm, the en bloc resection, R0 resection, and incomplete resection rates were 57.7% (95% CI, 42.4–71.6), 58.9% (95% CI, 42.4–73.6), and 1.5% (95% CI, 0.8–2.6), respectively. The rates of pooled adverse events, intraprocedural bleeding, and delayed bleeding were 7.0%, 5.4%, and 2.9%, respectively. The rate of perforation and postpolypectomy syndrome was 0.8%.
Conclusions
Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that UEMR for nonpedunculated colorectal polyps ≥10 mm is safe and effective with a low rate of recurrence.

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Endoscopic Resection for Superficial Non-Ampullary Duodenal Epithelial Tumors
Hye Kyung Jeon, Gwang Ha Kim
Gut and Liver.2025; 19(1): 19. CrossRef
Underwater vs conventional endoscopic mucosal resection for nonpedunculated colorectal neoplasms: A randomized controlled trial
Quang D Le, Nhan Q Le, Duc T Quach
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
New chapter in precision medicine: strategies for endoscopic resection of 10–20 mm non-pedunculated colorectal polyps
Changwei Duan, Zhen Liu, Xin Wang, Mingjie Zhang, Jianqiu Sheng, Yuqi He, Xianzong Ma
Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Water-assisted colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel diseases: From technical implications to diagnostic and therapeutic potentials
Raffaele Pellegrino, Giovanna Palladino, Michele Izzo, Ilaria De Costanzo, Fabio Landa, Alessandro Federico, Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2024; 16(12): 647. CrossRef
Underwater Versus Conventional Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for Colorectal Laterally Spreading Tumors: A Post Hoc Analysis of Efficacy
Quang Dinh Le, Nhan Quang Le, Duc Trong Quach
JGH Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Polypectomy Techniques for Pedunculated and Nonpedunculated Polyps
Karl Kwok, Sasan Mosadeghi, Daniel Lew
Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2023; 25(4): 361. CrossRef
Underwater versus conventional endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Matheus Henrique Gonçalves de Souza, Paula Arruda do Espirito Santo, Fauze Maluf-Filho, Luciano Lenz
International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Endoscopic treatment of colorectal polyps and early colorectal cancer
Yunho Jung
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 642. CrossRef
EMR and ESD: Indications, techniques and results
Mamoon Ur Rashid, Mohammad Alomari, Sadaf Afraz, Tolga Erim
Surgical Oncology.2022; 43: 101742. CrossRef
Safety and effectiveness of underwater cold snare resection without submucosal injection of large non-pedunculated colorectal lesions
Andrew W. Yen, Joseph W. Leung, Malcom Koo, Felix W. Leung
Endoscopy International Open.2022; 10(06): E791. CrossRef
Underwater or conventional endoscopic mucosal resection for intermediate‐sized colorectal neoplasm?
Li‐Chun Chang
Advances in Digestive Medicine.2021; 8(3): 133. CrossRef

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Is Submucosal Injection Helpful in Cold Snare Polypectomy for Small Colorectal Polyps?: Ji Hyun Song, Shai Friedland; Clin Endosc 2021;54(3):397-403. Published online February 9, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.226

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Cold snare polypectomy (CSP) is an effective method of polyp removal for small colorectal polyps. However, the effect of submucosal injection in cold snare endoscopic mucosal resection (CS-EMR) for small polyps is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of submucosal injection in CS-EMR for small polyps.
Methods
Between 2018 and 2019, 100 consecutive small colorectal polyps (5–10 mm) were identified in 58 patients. The first 50 consecutive polyps were removed by CS-EMR, and the remaining 50 were removed by CSP. Demographic data, clinical data, endoscopic findings, procedure times, complication rates, and pathology data were collected.
Results
No difference in the complete resection rate was observed between the CS-EMR and CSP groups. A total of 9 polyps showed post-polypectomy bleeding (7 had immediate bleeding, 1 had delayed bleeding, and 1 had both immediate and delayed bleeding). No difference in the bleeding rate was observed between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, warfarin (odds ratio [OR], 42.334; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006–1,781.758) and direct-acting oral anticoagulants (OR, 35.244; 95% CI, 3.853–322.397) showed a significantly increased risk of bleeding.
Conclusions
The effect of submucosal injection in CSP was not significant for small colorectal polyps.

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Survey of the Actual Practices Used for Endoscopic Removal of Colon Polyps in Korea: A Comparison with the Current Guidelines
Jeongseok Kim, Tae-Geun Gweon, Min Seob Kwak, Su Young Kim, Seong Jung Kim, Hyun Gun Kim, Sung Noh Hong, Eun Sun Kim, Chang Mo Moon, Dae Seong Myung, Dong-Hoon Baek, Shin Ju Oh, Hyun Jung Lee, Ji Young Lee, Yunho Jung, Jaeyoung Chun, Dong-Hoon Yang, Eun R
Gut and Liver.2025; 19(1): 77. CrossRef
Impact of contrast dye submucosal pre-lifting on cold snare resection of small polyps: an Italian randomized observational trial
Ramona Schiumerini, Paola Baccarini, Adele Fornelli, Davide Allegri, Francesca Lodato, Alessia Gazzola, Pasquale Apolito, Nunzio P. Longo, Anna M. Polifemo, Franca Patrizi, Federica Buonfiglioli, Stefania Ghersi, Marco Bassi, Liza Ceroni, Antonella Ghetti
Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(2): 291. CrossRef
Cold sub-mucosal injection versus traditional cold snare polypectomy for diminutive and small colorectal polyps: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Yong-Cai Lv, Quan Dong, Yan-Hua Yao, Jing-Jing Lei
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 43(6): 1111. CrossRef
Colorectal cold snare polypectomy: Current standard technique and future perspectives
Fumiaki Ishibashi, Sho Suzuki, Mizuki Nagai, Kentaro Mochida, Tetsuo Morishita
Digestive Endoscopy.2023; 35(3): 278. CrossRef
The efficacy and safety of cold snare polypectomy with submucosal injection for the removal of polyps less than 20 mm in size: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Zheng Liang, Yongqiu Wei, Shutian Zhang, Peng Li
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2023; 38(11): 1892. CrossRef
Impact of Submucosal Saline Injection During Cold Snare Polypectomy for Colorectal Polyps Sized 3–9 mm: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Yi Mou, Liansong Ye, Xiaobo Qin, Rui Feng, Lifan Zhang, Qin Hu, Tingting Cao, Xinyue Zhou, Wu Wen, Chuanming Zhang, Zonghua Chen, Yi Liu, Zhimin Yang, Tao Huo, Fang Pan, Xuelian Li, Bing Hu
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 118(10): 1848. CrossRef
Cold resection for colorectal polyps: where we are and where we are going?
Antonio Capogreco, Ludovico Alfarone, Davide Massimi, Alessandro Repici
Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2023; 17(7): 719. CrossRef
Cold snare endoscopic mucosal resection for colon polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mohamed Abdallah, Khalid Ahmed, Daniyal Abbas, Mouhand F. H. Mohamed, Gaurav Suryawanshi, Nicholas McDonald, Natalie Wilson, Shifa Umar, Aasma Shaukat, Mohammad Bilal
Endoscopy.2023; 55(12): 1083. CrossRef
Endoscopic treatment of colorectal polyps and early colorectal cancer
Yunho Jung
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 642. CrossRef

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Impact of Moderate versus Deep Sedation and Trainee Participation on Adenoma Detection Rate-Analysis of a Veteran Population: Hemnishil K. Marella, Nasir Saleem, Claudio Tombazzi; Clin Endosc 2021;54(2):250-255. Published online December 15, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.091

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: The adenoma detection rate (ADR) is used as a quality indicator for screening and surveillance colonoscopy. The study aimed to determine if moderate versus deep sedation affects the outcomes of the ADR and other quality metrics in the veteran population.
Methods
A retrospective review of colonoscopies performed at Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center over a one-year period was conducted. A total of 900 colonoscopy reports were reviewed. After exclusion criteria, a total of 229 index, average-risk screening colonoscopies were identified. Data were collected to determine the impact of moderate (benzodiazepine plus opioids) versus deep (propofol) sedation on the ADR, polyp detection rate (PDR), and withdrawal time.
Results
Among 229 screening colonoscopies, 103 (44.9%) used moderate sedation while 126 (55%) were done under deep sedation. The ADR and PDR were not significantly different between moderate versus deep sedation at 35.9% vs. 37.3% (p=0.82) and 58.2% vs. 48.4% (p=0.13), respectively. Similarly, there was no significant difference in withdrawal time between moderate and deep sedation (13.4 min vs. 14 min, p=0.56) during screening colonoscopies.
Conclusions
In veterans undergoing index, average-risk screening colonoscopies, the quality metrics of the ADR, PDR, and withdrawal time are not influenced by deep sedation compared with moderate sedation.

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AI-powered medical devices for practical clinicians including the diagnosis of colorectal polyps
Donghwan Kim, Eunsun Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 658. CrossRef
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Byron P. Vaughn
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2022; 20(4): e912. CrossRef
Impact of sedation type on adenoma detection rate by colonoscopy
Hawraa Tarhini, Ayman Alrazim, Wissam Ghusn, Mohammad Hosni, Anthony Kerbage, Assaad Soweid, Ala-I Sharara, Fadi Mourad, Fadi Francis, Yasser Shaib, Kassem Barada, Fady Daniel
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Marina Rizzi, Francesco Panzera, Demetrio Panzera, Berardino D’Ascoli
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 12(7): 1171. CrossRef

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Dedicated Cold Snare vs. Traditional Snare for Polypectomy of Diminutive and Small Lesions in a Porcine Model: A Research Group for Endoscopic Instruments and Stents (REIS) Study: Han Hee Lee, Bo-In Lee, Jung-Wook Kim, Hyun Lim, Si Hyung Lee, Jun-Hyung Cho, Yunho Jung, Kyoung Oh Kim, Chan Gyoo Kim, Kee Myung Lee, Jong-Jae Park, Myung-Gyu Choi, Hoon Jai Chun, Ho Gak Kim; Clin Endosc 2021;54(3):390-396. Published online September 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.096

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: The aim of this in vivo animal study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dedicated cold snare (DCS) compared with those of traditional snare (TS) for cold snare polypectomy (CSP).
Methods
A total of 36 diminutive (5 mm) and 36 small (9 mm) pseudolesions were made by electrocoagulation in the colons of mini-pigs.
Results
For the diminutive lesions, there were no significant differences in technical success rate, procedure time, or complete resection rate between the DCS and TS groups; the rate of uneven resection margin in the DCS group was significantly lower than that of the TS group. For small lesions, technical success rate and complete resection rate were significantly higher in the DCS group than in the TS group (100% [18/18] vs. 55.6% [10/18], p=0.003; 94.4% [17/18] vs. 40% [4/10], p=0.006). In addition, the procedure duration was significantly shorter, and the rate of uneven resection margin was significantly lower in the DCS group (28.5 sec vs. 66.0 sec, p=0.006; 11.1% [2/18] vs. 100% [10/10], p<0.001). Two cases of perforation occurred in the DCS group. Multivariate analysis revealed that DCS use was independently associated with complete resection.
Conclusions
DCS is superior to TS in terms of technical success, complete resection, and reducing the duration of the procedure for CSP of small polyps.

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Comparison of complete resection rates in cold snare polypectomy using two different wire diameter snares: A randomized controlled study
Toshiki Horii, Sho Suzuki, Akihiro Sugita, Misa Yamauchi, Hisatomo Ikehara, Chika Kusano, Takuji Gotoda
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2023; 38(5): 752. CrossRef
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Hong Jin Yoon, Yunho Jung, Young Sin Cho, Il-Kwun Chung
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Yoji Takeuchi
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Raquel Ortigão, Jochen Weigt, Ahmed Afifi, Diogo Libânio
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Focused Review Series: Present and Future of Diagnosis and Management of Small Bowel Diseases Exploiting Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Endoscopy

Roles of Capsule Endoscopy and Device-Assisted Enteroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Small-Bowel Tumors: Eun Ran Kim; Clin Endosc 2020;53(4):410-416. Published online July 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.161

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

With the development of capsule endoscopy (CE) and device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE), the incidence of small-bowel tumors has increased and the characteristics of these tumors have changed. In addition, the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for small-bowel tumors have diversified. CE is a simple, noninvasive method that aid in the visualization the entire small bowel. CE is considered the initial approach for small-bowel tumors. DAE can be used to perform endoscopic procedures such as bleeding control, polypectomy, stent insertion, and tattooing, as well as for diagnosis through visualization or tissue sampling. Therapeutic intervention with DAE is particularly useful in polyposis syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. This review will discuss the roles of CE and DAE in the diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel tumors.

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Review

Endoscopic Management of Post-Polypectomy Bleeding: Aditya Gutta, Mark A. Gromski; Clin Endosc 2020;53(3):302-310. Published online September 17, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.062

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Post-polypectomy bleeding (PPB) is one of the most common complications of endoscopic polypectomy. There are multiple risk factors related to patient and polyp characteristics that should be considered. In most cases, immediate PPB can be effectively managed endoscopically when recognized and managed promptly. Delayed PPB can manifest in a myriad of ways. In severe delayed PPB, resuscitation for hemodynamic stabilization should be prioritized, followed by endoscopic evaluation and therapy once the patient is stabilized. Future areas of research in PPB include the risks of direct oral anticoagulants and of specific electrosurgical settings for hot-snare polypectomy vs. cold-snare polypectomy, benefits of closure of post-polypectomy mucosal defects using through-the-scope clips, and prospective comparative evaluation of newer hemostasis agents such as hemostatic spray powder and over-the-scope clips.

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Bleeding Risk During Colorectal Endoscopic Mucosal Resection With Continued Anticoagulant Therapy: A Multicenter Study
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Original Article

Endoscopic Findings in Children with Isolated Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Ari Silbermintz, Manar Matar, Amit Assa, Noam Zevit, Yael Mozer Glassberg, Raanan Shamir; Clin Endosc 2019;52(3):258-261. Published online May 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.046

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Colorectal polyps are a common cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children. Our aim was to study the causes of isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding and to analyze the characteristics of the colorectal polyps found in our cohort.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed colonoscopic procedures performed between 2007 and 2015. Children with isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding were included in the study.
Results
A total of 185 colonoscopies were performed for isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The median patient age was 8 years, and 77 patients (41.6%) were found to have colonic polyps. Normal colonoscopy findings were observed and acute colitis was detected in 77 (41.6%) and 14 (7.4%) patients, respectively. Single colonic polyps and 2–3 polyps were detected in 73 (94.8%) and 4 (5.2%) patients with polyps, respectively. Of the single polyps, 69 (94.5%) were juvenile polyps, among which 65 (94.2%) were located in the left colon.
Conclusions
Single left-sided juvenile polyps were the most common cause of isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding in our study. It was rare to find multiple polyps and polyps proximal to the splenic flexure in our cohort. A full colonoscopy is still recommended in all patients in order to properly diagnose the small but significant group of patients with pathologies found proximal to the splenic flexure.

Citations

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