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Original Articles
- Costs involved in compliance with new endoscope reprocessing guidelines
- David Hoffman, Christina Cool
- Clin Endosc 2024;57(4):534-541. Published online January 26, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.164
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Graphical Abstract
Abstract
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PubReader
ePub - Background
/Aims: In March 2022, the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) released the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/AAMI ST91:2021, their latest update on comprehensive, flexible, and semirigid endoscope reprocessing. These updated standards recommend the sterilization of high-risk endoscopes when possible and provide new recommendations for the precleaning, leak testing, manual cleaning, visual inspection, automated reprocessing, drying, storage, and transport of endoscopes.
Methods
ANSI/AAMI ST91:2021 was compared with ANSI/AAMI ST91:2015 for major reprocessing differences that result in either time and/or cost increases. Time estimates were captured by explicit recommendation inclusion or taken from the literature. All the costs were estimated using publicly available resources.
Results
The updated standards represent a potential 24.3-minute and 52.35 to 67.57 United States dollars increase per procedure in terms of reprocessing time and spending, respectively, not including capital investments. Capital costs per procedure were highly dependent on the procedure volume of the facility.
Conclusions
The new AAMI standards recommend several major changes, such as sterilization, for facilities to reprocess and manage endoscopes between uses. As more facilities increase their reprocessing methods to reflect the updated standards, they do so at a cost and introduce several delays. As the reprocessing landscape evolves, facilities should consider their true costs and alternative solutions, such as single-use endoscopes. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Streamlining Endoscopy Cleaning: The Impact of a New Detergent on Time and Water Use
Joshua Hicks, Mutsa Mutowo
Journal of Market Access & Health Policy.2025; 13(2): 23. CrossRef - Single-use endoscopy for the evaluation of swallowing: a performance survey
Christina Cool, Ian Haislip, Christian Escobar, Jacqueline Mojica
Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
- Streamlining Endoscopy Cleaning: The Impact of a New Detergent on Time and Water Use
- 5,701 View
- 328 Download
- 1 Web of Science
- 2 Crossref
- Efficacy of a novel channel-cleaning ball brush for endoscope reprocessing: a randomized controlled trial
- Kwang Hyun Chung, Jeong Don Chae, Wonho Choe, Hyo Young Lee, Il Hwan Oh, Byoung Kwan Son
- Clin Endosc 2022;55(5):674-682. Published online August 2, 2022
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.210
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Abstract
PDF
Supplementary MaterialPubReaderePub - Background
/Aims: Endoscopic channels are difficult to clean and can cause infection transmission. We examined the effectiveness of a newly developed channel-cleaning ball brush (BB), which is sucked into the endoscopic channel and scrapes and cleans the lumen as it passes through.
Methods
The upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopes used for patient examinations were randomly selected as the conventional brush (CB) or BB group. After manual cleaning, the presence or absence of carbohydrates, proteins, adenosine triphosphate, and hemoglobin was assessed.
Results
Fifty-six and 58 endoscopes were cleaned with the CB and BB, respectively. Carbohydrate and protein were detected in one (1.8%) and two endoscopes (3.4%) in the CB and BB groups, respectively (p=1.000). Hemoglobin was observed in one (1.8%) and three endoscopes (5.2%) in the CB and BB groups, respectively (p=0.636). The adenosine triphosphate levels were 10.6±15.9 and 12.5±14.3 relative light units in the CB and BB groups, respectively (p=0.496). Twenty-seven (48.2%) and 19 (32.8%) endoscopes were positive for microbial cultures in the CB and BB groups, respectively (p=0.136).
Conclusions
The efficacy of BB was not significantly different from that of CB in the endoscopic channel-cleaning process. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- An investigation into cleaning quality of suction-type metal lumen instruments: a cross-sectional study
Yuqi Wu, Li Li
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - A prospective, quasi-experimental study on the efficacy of a novel double-headed endoscope cleaning brush for cleaning flexible endoscopes
Rui Shen, Yaping Wu, Jiajun Lv, Qukai Liu, Weiyan Yao, Shu Chen, Dandan Liu, Huijun Xi, Yibo Zhang
BMC Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Comparison of brushing efficacy for gastroscopes using different brush types under simulated contamination conditions
J.Y. Li, W.Q. Hu, C.Y. Zhou, Y.X. Ge, Q. Gu
Journal of Hospital Infection.2025; 162: 160. CrossRef - Simulated-use evaluation of rapid ChannelCheck™ cleaning test for optimal detection of organic residues in flexible endoscope channels
K. Kulkarni, M. Gavette, M.J. Alfa
Journal of Hospital Infection.2024; 152: 66. CrossRef
- An investigation into cleaning quality of suction-type metal lumen instruments: a cross-sectional study
- 4,623 View
- 199 Download
- 3 Web of Science
- 4 Crossref
- Does the Reprocessing of Endoscopes Have to Take Place Immediately after Pre-Cleaning? A First Evaluation
- Vanessa M Eichel, Jonas M Jabs, Samy Unser, Nico T Mutters, Martin Scherrer
- Clin Endosc 2021;54(4):526-533. Published online July 14, 2021
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.238
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Abstract
PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
- Background
/Aims: The recommendations on the time interval between pre-cleaning and reprocessing of endoscopes differ in international guidelines, with a low level of evidence. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of postponing reprocessing on the reprocessing quality after pre-cleaning the flexible endoscopes.
Methods
We reprocessed 124 standardized test tubes simulating endoscope channels after soiling and contamination and determined the reprocessing performance. In addition, we examined contaminated gastroscopes, colonoscopes, and bronchoscopes. The duration of interim storage after pre-cleaning was 16 h for 100 test tubes and up to 24 h for 18 endoscopes. We determined the residual protein content and germ load as markers for cleaning and disinfection performance. In addition, we determined biofilm formation by photometry of crystal violet staining.
Results
All test tubes and flexible endoscopes showed residual protein content and germ load significantly below legally prescribed threshold values, independent of the interval between pre-cleaning and reprocessing.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that flexible endoscopes could be stored overnight after pre-cleaning without any influence on the quality of reprocessing. While ensuring patient safety, this could simplify logistical processes and enable cost savings. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Reusable Medical Device Pre-Cleaning in Care Units: What Are the Indicators to Prevent Biofilm Formation and Control Occupational Biological Risk?
Anaclara F. V. Tipple, Rúbia Lícia R. Sodré, Lais C. Nascimento, Dayane M. Costa
Hygiene.2024; 4(1): 115. CrossRef - Simulated-use evaluation of rapid ChannelCheck™ cleaning test for optimal detection of organic residues in flexible endoscope channels
K. Kulkarni, M. Gavette, M.J. Alfa
Journal of Hospital Infection.2024; 152: 66. CrossRef - Anlage 8: Anforderungen an die Hygiene bei der Aufbereitung thermolabiler Endoskope
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz.2024; 67(12): 1410. CrossRef - Preliminary Study: Disinfection of Colonoscope Using a Reprocessing System Based on a Hydrodynamic Model with Ozonated Water
Maycon Crispim de Oliveira Carvalho, Adriana Barrinha Fernandes, Henrique Cunha Carvalho, Renato Amaro Zângaro, Carlos José de Lima
Ozone: Science & Engineering.2023; 45(4): 419. CrossRef - Endoscopes that Complete Pre-Cleaning may be Stored Overnight until Next Morning for the Subsequent Reprocessing
Soo-Jeong Cho
Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(4): 449. CrossRef - Aufbereitung flexibler Endoskope – offene Fragen und Antworten
Martin Scherrer
Krankenhaushygiene up2date.2021; 16(04): 397. CrossRef
- Reusable Medical Device Pre-Cleaning in Care Units: What Are the Indicators to Prevent Biofilm Formation and Control Occupational Biological Risk?
- 5,643 View
- 153 Download
- 2 Web of Science
- 6 Crossref
Reviews
- Multidisciplinary and Multisociety Practice Guideline on Reprocessing Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopes and Endoscopic Accessories
- Dae Young Cheung, Byung Ik Jang, Sang Wook Kim, Jie-Hyun Kim, Hyung Keun Kim, Jeong Eun Shin, Won Jae Yoon, Yong Kang Lee, Kwang Hyun Chung, Soo-Jeong Cho, Hyun Phil Shin, Sun Young Cho, Woon Geon Shin, Kee Don Choi, Byung-Wook Kim, Joong Goo Kwon, Hee Chan Yang, Tae-Geun Gweon, Hyun Gun Kim, Dong-Won Ahn, Kwang Bum Cho, Sun Hee Kim, Kyong Hwa Hwang, Hee Hyuk Im
- Clin Endosc 2020;53(3):276-285. Published online May 29, 2020
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.106
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
- The area of endoscopic application has been continuously expanded since its introduction in the last century and the frequency of its use also increased stiffly in the last decades. Because gastrointestinal endoscopy is naturally exposed to diseased internal organs and contact with pathogenic materials, endoscopy mediated infection or disease transmission becomes a major concern in this field. Gastrointestinal endoscopy is not for single use and the proper reprocessing process is a critical factor for safe and reliable endoscopy procedures. What needed in these circumstances is a practical guideline for reprocessing the endoscope and its accessories which is feasible in the real clinical field to guarantee acceptable prevention of pathogen transmission. This guideline contains principles and instructions of the reprocessing procedure according to the step by step. And it newly includes general information and updated knowledge about endoscopy-mediated infection and disinfection. Multiple societies and working groups participated to revise; Korean Association for the Study of the Liver, the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research, the Korean Society of Gastroenterology, Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases, Korean Pancreatobiliary Association, the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Nurses and Associates and Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Through this cooperation, we enhanced communication and established a better concordance. We still need more researches in this field and fill up the unproven area. And our guidelines will be renewed accordingly.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- A New Drying Method of Thermolabile Flexible Endoscope Channels by Laminar and Turbulent Airflow: A Prospective, Randomized-Controlled, Single-Center, Proof-of-Concept Trial
Florian A. Michael, Michael Jung, Mike Reimers, Clara Oschwald, Ulrike Mihm, Christoph Welsch, Dirk Walter, Fabian Finkelmeier, Johannes Masseli, Anita Pathil, Georg Dultz, Danuta Puhlmann, Laura Diaz-Martinez, Daniel Hack, Neelam Lingwal, Jörg Bojunga, V
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2025; 120(5): 1027. CrossRef - A prospective, quasi-experimental study on the efficacy of a novel double-headed endoscope cleaning brush for cleaning flexible endoscopes
Rui Shen, Yaping Wu, Jiajun Lv, Qukai Liu, Weiyan Yao, Shu Chen, Dandan Liu, Huijun Xi, Yibo Zhang
BMC Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Impact of different pressures on the drying time of flexible endoscopes
W.Q. Hu, J.Y. Li, C.Y. Zhou, Y.X. Ge, Q. Gu
Journal of Hospital Infection.2025; 161: 37. CrossRef - Efficacy and safety of three-dimensional magnetically assisted capsule endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal and small bowel examination
Dong Jun Oh, Yea Je Lee, Sang Hoon Kim, Joowon Chung, Hyun Seok Lee, Ji Hyung Nam, Yun Jeong Lim, Thomas Lui Ka Luen
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(5): e0295774. CrossRef - EUS-Guided Vascular Interventions: Recent Advances
Sahib Singh, Saurabh Chandan, Sumant Inamdar, Kambiz S. Kadkhodayan, Jahnvi Dhar, Jayanta Samanta, Antonio Facciorusso
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(16): 4835. CrossRef - Endoscope Cleaning and Disinfection Guidelines for Primary Care Physicians
Yoo-Bin Seo, Seung Hee Kim, Eon Sook Lee, Seung Jin Jung, Sang Keun Hahm
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2024; 14(4): 165. CrossRef - Current status of the gastric cancer screening program in Korea
Young-Il Kim, Il Ju Choi
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(5): 250. CrossRef - Reducing the environmental footprint of gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) Position Statement
Enrique Rodríguez de Santiago, Mario Dinis-Ribeiro, Heiko Pohl, Deepak Agrawal, Marianna Arvanitakis, Robin Baddeley, Elzbieta Bak, Pradeep Bhandari, Michael Bretthauer, Patricia Burga, Leigh Donnelly, Axel Eickhoff, Bu'Hussain Hayee, Michal F. Kaminski,
Endoscopy.2022; 54(08): 797. CrossRef - Current Evidence for a Paradigm Shift in Gastric Cancer Prevention From Endoscopic Screening toHelicobacter pyloriEradication in Korea
Young-Il Kim, Il Ju Choi
Journal of Gastric Cancer.2022; 22(3): 169. CrossRef - General guideline in the endoscopy room to avoid air-borne infection during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kwang Hyun Chung, Soo-Jeong Cho
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(5): 688. CrossRef - Efficacy of a novel channel-cleaning ball brush for endoscope reprocessing: a randomized controlled trial
Kwang Hyun Chung, Jeong Don Chae, Wonho Choe, Hyo Young Lee, Il Hwan Oh, Byoung Kwan Son
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(5): 674. CrossRef - Endoscopes that Complete Pre-Cleaning may be Stored Overnight until Next Morning for the Subsequent Reprocessing
Soo-Jeong Cho
Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(4): 449. CrossRef - Accreditation program for gastrointestinal endoscopes reprocessing in Italy: An on-site survey
Giancarlo Spinzi, Angelo Milano, Piero Brosolo, Paola Da Massa Carrara, Maurizio Labardi, Alberto Merighi, Luisa Riccardi, Francesco Torresan, Maurizio Capelli
Endoscopy International Open.2021; 09(11): E1627. CrossRef - Sans Standardization: Effective Endoscope Reprocessing
Sameer K. Avasarala, Lawrence F. Muscarella, Atul C. Mehta
Respiration.2021; 100(12): 1208. CrossRef
- A New Drying Method of Thermolabile Flexible Endoscope Channels by Laminar and Turbulent Airflow: A Prospective, Randomized-Controlled, Single-Center, Proof-of-Concept Trial
- 11,487 View
- 373 Download
- 13 Web of Science
- 14 Crossref
- Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Guidelines for Endoscope Reprocessing
- Byoung Kwan Son, Byung-Wook Kim, Won Hee Kim, Dae-Sung Myung, Young-Seok Cho, Byung Ik Jang, The Disinfection Management and Conscious Sedation Committee of Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
- Clin Endosc 2017;50(2):143-147. Published online March 17, 2017
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2017.029
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
- The Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (KSGE) issued guidelines for endoscope reprocessing for the first time in 1995, and the version of the guidelines was updated in August 2009, August 2012, and March 2015. Guidelines for endoscope reprocessing should be revised continuously, because new disinfectants and devices are developed and introduced. The current official version of the KSGE guidelines for endoscope reprocessing is explained herein to assist the reader in understanding the KSGE requirements for cleaning and disinfecting endoscopes.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- A New Drying Method of Thermolabile Flexible Endoscope Channels by Laminar and Turbulent Airflow: A Prospective, Randomized-Controlled, Single-Center, Proof-of-Concept Trial
Florian A. Michael, Michael Jung, Mike Reimers, Clara Oschwald, Ulrike Mihm, Christoph Welsch, Dirk Walter, Fabian Finkelmeier, Johannes Masseli, Anita Pathil, Georg Dultz, Danuta Puhlmann, Laura Diaz-Martinez, Daniel Hack, Neelam Lingwal, Jörg Bojunga, V
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2025; 120(5): 1027. CrossRef - Efficacy of spray flushing in the reprocessing of flexible endoscopes: A randomized controlled trial
Jiang Du, Miao Zhang, Si-Yuan Tao, Lian-Song Ye, Hui Gong, Bing Hu, Qiong-Ying Zhang, Fu Qiao
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 30(31): 3680. CrossRef - Current management status of cleaning and disinfection for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis
Ruixue Hu, Liangying Yi, Tianle Zou, Juan Hu, Yanhua Chen, Wei Pan
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Endoscope Cleaning and Disinfection Guidelines for Primary Care Physicians
Yoo-Bin Seo, Seung Hee Kim, Eon Sook Lee, Seung Jin Jung, Sang Keun Hahm
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2024; 14(4): 165. CrossRef - Evaluation of Disinfection Efficacy in Flexible Laryngoscopy According to Cidex Ortho-Phthalaldehyde Immersion Time: A Multicenter Study
Young Chan Lee, Hae Sang Park, Heejin Kim, Nayeon Choi, Sang Hyuk Lee, Sei Young Lee, Kwang Jae Cho
Journal of The Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics.2024; 35(3): 89. CrossRef - Comparison of channel sampling methods and brush heads in surveillance culture of endoscope reprocessing
Xue-Yue Ji, Pei-Yong Ning, Chun-Nan Fei, Jia Song, Xue-Mei Dou, Nan-Nan Zhang, Jun Liu, He Liu
Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 28(1): 46. CrossRef - Altered Gastric Microbiota and Inflammatory Cytokine Responses in Patients with Helicobacter pylori-Negative Gastric Cancer
Han-Na Kim, Min-Jeong Kim, Jonathan P. Jacobs, Hyo-Joon Yang
Nutrients.2022; 14(23): 4981. CrossRef - Efficacy of a novel channel-cleaning ball brush for endoscope reprocessing: a randomized controlled trial
Kwang Hyun Chung, Jeong Don Chae, Wonho Choe, Hyo Young Lee, Il Hwan Oh, Byoung Kwan Son
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(5): 674. CrossRef - Guidelines for accreditation of endoscopy units: quality measures from the Korean Society of Coloproctology
Rumi Shin, Seongdae Lee, Kyung-Su Han, Dae Kyung Sohn, Sang Hui Moon, Dong Hyun Choi, Bong-Hyeon Kye, Hae-Jung Son, Sun Il Lee, Sumin Si, Won-Kyung Kang
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2021; 100(3): 154. CrossRef - Guidelines for Cancer Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea
Jii Bum Lee, Minkyu Jung, June Hyuk Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Yeol Kim, Young Seok Kim, Byung Chang Kim, Jin Kim, Sung Ho Moon, Keon-Uk Park, Meerim Park, Hyeon Jin Park, Sung Hoon Sim, Hong Man Yoon, Soo Jung Lee, Eunyoung Lee, June Young Chun, Youn Kyung Chung,
Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(2): 323. CrossRef - The Effectiveness of Drying on Residual Droplets, Microorganisms, and Biofilms in Gastrointestinal Endoscope Reprocessing: A Systematic Review
Hefeng Tian, Jiao Sun, Shaoning Guo, Xuanrui Zhu, Han Feng, Yijin Zhuang, Xiu Wang, Konstantinos Triantafyllou
Gastroenterology Research and Practice.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef - Does the Reprocessing of Endoscopes Have to Take Place Immediately after Pre-Cleaning? A First Evaluation
Vanessa M Eichel, Jonas M Jabs, Samy Unser, Nico T Mutters, Martin Scherrer
Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(4): 526. CrossRef - Ambient air pollution in gastrointestinal endoscopy unit
Chang Seok Bang, Keunwook Lee, Young Joo Yang, Gwang Ho Baik
Surgical Endoscopy.2020; 34(9): 3795. CrossRef - Updates on the Disinfection and Infection Control Process of the Accredited Endoscopy Unit
Jeong Eun Shin, Yunho Jung, Jeong Hoon Lee, Byoung Kwan Son, Jae-Young Jang, Hyung-Keun Kim, Byung Ik Jang
Clinical Endoscopy.2019; 52(5): 443. CrossRef - Ambient air pollution in gastrointestinal endoscopy unit; rationale and design of a prospective study
Chang Seok Bang, Keunwook Lee, Jae Ho Choi, Jae Seung Soh, Ji Young Hong, Gwang Ho Baik, Dong Joon Kim
Medicine.2018; 97(49): e13600. CrossRef
- A New Drying Method of Thermolabile Flexible Endoscope Channels by Laminar and Turbulent Airflow: A Prospective, Randomized-Controlled, Single-Center, Proof-of-Concept Trial
- 11,649 View
- 325 Download
- 13 Web of Science
- 15 Crossref
Focused Review Series: Endoscopic Disinfection in the Eras of MERS
- Recent Update on Microbiological Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Endoscopes after High-Level Disinfection
- Suk Pyo Shin, Won Hee Kim
- Clin Endosc 2015;48(5):369-373. Published online September 30, 2015
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.5.369
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
Endoscopy-related infections are important contributors to nosocomial infections. Endoscope reprocessing according to standard guidelines ensures high-level disinfection and prevents endoscopy-related infections. Microbiological surveillance may help in monitoring the effectiveness of gastrointestinal endoscope disinfection. The process involves microbial cultures and non-culture methods such as bioburden assays, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence, and quantitative polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Surveillance culturing to monitor endoscopes after reprocessing has been recommended by a majority of organizations. Bioburden assays, ATP bioluminescence, and quantitative PCRs provide rapid and reliable measures. Each institution will have to try to establish its own surveillance guidelines.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- A comparative assessment of contamination rates in gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing: sterilization versus high‐level disinfection
Tanyaporn Chantarojanasiri, Rachanikorn Rungrueangmaitree, Siriporn Thongsri, Urasa Jampa‐ngern, Thawee Ratanachu‐Ek
DEN Open.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Monthly endoscopy surveillance culture facilitates detection of breaches in the scope reprocessing procedure: 5‐year experience in an endoscopy center
Shu‐Hui Chen, Theophile Liu, Huei‐Wen Lai, Hui‐Lan Chang, Hsu‐Heng Yen
Advances in Digestive Medicine.2022; 9(2): 103. CrossRef - Gastrointestinal Endoscopy-Associated Infections: Update on an Emerging Issue
Anasua Deb, Abhilash Perisetti, Hemant Goyal, Mark M. Aloysius, Sonali Sachdeva, Dushyant Dahiya, Neil Sharma, Nirav Thosani
Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2022; 67(5): 1718. CrossRef - Microbiological Surveillance of Endoscopes in a Southern Italian Transplantation Hospital: A Retrospective Study from 2016 to 2019
Valentina Marchese, Daniele Di Carlo, Gaetano Fazio, Santi Mauro Gioè, Angelo Luca, Rossella Alduino, Monica Rizzo, Fabio Tuzzolino, Francesco Monaco, Pier Giulio Conaldi, Bruno Douradinha, Giuseppina Di Martino
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3057. CrossRef - The application of plan, do, check, act (PDCA) quality management in reducing nosocomial infections in endoscopy rooms: It does work
Xiaoming Kong, Xiaolu Zhu, Yidan Zhang, Jie Wu
International Journal of Clinical Practice.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Does the Reprocessing of Endoscopes Have to Take Place Immediately after Pre-Cleaning? A First Evaluation
Vanessa M Eichel, Jonas M Jabs, Samy Unser, Nico T Mutters, Martin Scherrer
Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(4): 526. CrossRef - Turbulent fluid flow is a novel closed-system sample extraction method for flexible endoscope channels of various inner diameters
Seo Yean Sohn, Michelle J. Alfa, Richard Lai, Yacoob Tabani, Mohamed E. Labib
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2020; 168: 105782. CrossRef - Duodenoscope as a Vector for Transmission
Jennifer T. Higa, Andrew S. Ross
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America.2020; 30(4): 653. CrossRef - A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Duodenoscope Reprocessing Surveillance Methods
Travis J. De Wolfe, Nasia Safdar, Megan Meller, John Marx, Patrick R. Pfau, Eric M. Nelsen, Mark E. Benson, Anurag Soni, Mark Reichelderfer, Megan Duster, Deepak V. Gopal
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef - Comparative Study of Microbiological Monitoring Results from Three Types of Sampling Methods after Gastrointestinal Endoscope Reprocessing
Su Ma, Lili Feng, Ziyi Jiang, Xian Gao, Xisha Long, Shaonan Zhuang, Wenxia Ding, Taiyao Chen, Zhaoshen Li, Lingjuan Zhang, Huijun Xi, Hongzhi Zhang
BioMed Research International.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef - Métodos microbiológicos para la monitorización de la limpieza, desinfección y esterilización de dispositivos médicos
Rosa María Blázquez-Garrido, Eva Cuchí-Burgos, Carmen Martín-Salas, Patricia Ruiz-Garbajosa
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica.2018; 36(10): 657. CrossRef - The validity of adenosine triphosphate measurement in detecting endoscope contamination
C.E. McCafferty, D. Abi-Hanna, M.J. Aghajani, G.T. Micali, I. Lockart, K. Vickery, I.B. Gosbell, S.O. Jensen
Journal of Hospital Infection.2018; 100(3): e142. CrossRef - Microbiological monitoring of medical devices after cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation
Rosa María Blázquez-Garrido, Eva Cuchí-Burgos, Carmen Martín-Salas, Patricia Ruiz-Garbajosa
Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.).2018; 36(10): 657. CrossRef - Association Between Storage Interval and Contamination of Reprocessed Flexible Endoscopes in a Pediatric Gastrointestinal Procedural Unit
Patricia Scanlon, Kathleen Flaherty, Erik A. Reilly, Ellen G. Barth, Gail Potter-Bynoe, Jeff Cardini, Ann Marie Riley, Alexander J. McAdam, Thomas J. Sandora
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.2017; 38(2): 131. CrossRef - Surveillance of Endoscopes: Comparison of Different Sampling Techniques
Lien Cattoir, Thomas Vanzieleghem, Lisa Florin, Tania Helleputte, Martine De Vos, Bruno Verhasselt, Jerina Boelens, Isabel Leroux-Roels
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.2017; 38(9): 1062. CrossRef - Education and Training Guidelines for the Board of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Hee Seok Moon, Eun Kwang Choi, Ji Hyun Seo, Jeong Seop Moon, Ho June Song, Kyoung Oh Kim, Jong Jin Hyun, Sung Kwan Shin, Beom Jae Lee, Sang Heon Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2017; 50(4): 345. CrossRef - Sterile Reverse Osmosis Water Combined with Friction Are Optimal for Channel and Lever Cavity Sample Collection of Flexible Duodenoscopes
Michelle J. Alfa, Harminder Singh, Zoann Nugent, Donald Duerksen, Gale Schultz, Carol Reidy, Patricia DeGagne, Nancy Olson
Frontiers in Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - The Assessment and Improvement of the Steps in the Endoscope-Reprocessing: A Hospital Report
Habip Gedik
Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Duodenoscope-Associated Bacterial Infections: A Review and Update
Jennifer T. Higa, Michael Gluck, Andrew S. Ross
Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology.2016; 14(2): 185. CrossRef
- A comparative assessment of contamination rates in gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing: sterilization versus high‐level disinfection
- 12,027 View
- 249 Download
- 18 Web of Science
- 19 Crossref
- Clinical Practice Guidelines for Endoscope Reprocessing
- Hyun Jin Oh, Jin Su Kim
- Clin Endosc 2015;48(5):364-368. Published online September 30, 2015
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.5.364
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
Gastrointestinal endoscopy is effective and safe for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disease. However, issues regarding endoscope-transmitted infections are emerging. Many countries have established and continuously revise guidelines for endoscope reprocessing in order to prevent infections. While there are common processes used in endoscope reprocessing, differences exist among these guidelines. It is important that the reprocessing of gastrointestinal endoscopes be carried out in accordance with the recommendations for each step of the process.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Streamlining Endoscopy Cleaning: The Impact of a New Detergent on Time and Water Use
Joshua Hicks, Mutsa Mutowo
Journal of Market Access & Health Policy.2025; 13(2): 23. CrossRef - UV-C side-emitting optical fiber-based disinfection: a promising approach for infection control in tight channels
Muhammad Salman Mohsin, Melisa Avdic, Katrina Fitzpatrick, Mariana Lanzarini-Lopes, Kessendri Reddy
Microbiology Spectrum.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Postoperative Lumbar Spondylodiscitis Following Transforaminal Endoscopy and Outcomes of Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Ajay Krishnan, Vikrant Chauhan, Devanand Degulmadi, Shivanand Mayi, Ravi Ranjan Rai, Mirant Dave, Shivakumar Bali, Pranav Charde, Abhijith Anil, Preety Krishnan, Bharat Dave
Journal of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery and Technique.2023; 8(Suppl 1): S39. CrossRef - Visual inspection of implant screw access hole with an endoscope camera
Nirmal Kurian, Kevin George Varghese, Kusha Dhawan
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2022; 128(5): 1128. CrossRef - Phoniatricians and otorhinolaryngologists approaching oropharyngeal dysphagia: an update on FEES
Antonio Schindler, Laura W. J. Baijens, Ahmed Geneid, Nicole Pizzorni
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2022; 279(6): 2727. CrossRef - Effect of a Proton Pump Inhibitor on the Duodenum Microbiome of Gastric Ulcer Patients
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- 14,106 View
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- Current Issues in Duodenoscope-Associated Infections: Now Is the Time to Take Action
- Junghoon Ha, Byoung Kwan Son
- Clin Endosc 2015;48(5):361-363. Published online September 30, 2015
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.5.361
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
A duodenoscope has a very complex structure that contains many small parts which make reprocessing more challenging. The difficulty in cleaning duodenoscopes contributes to a higher risk of infection than that of conventional gastrointestinal endoscopes. However, a duodenoscope shares similar disinfection process with other gastrointestinal endoscopes. Recent outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections associated with duodenoscopes used for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures have raised many concerns worldwide. Duodenoscope-associated infections involving CRE or other multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a great threat to patients undergoing procedures using duodenoscopes and should be dealt with a great concern. Updated guidelines regarding cleaning and disinfection of duodenoscope needs to be developed urgently to prevent transmission of infection and ensure patient safety. Meanwhile, healthcare staff should pay special attention to thorough cleaning and disinfection of duodenoscopes.
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Citations
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- Endoscope Reprocessing: Update on Controversial Issues
- Hyun Ho Choi, Young-Seok Cho
- Clin Endosc 2015;48(5):356-360. Published online September 30, 2015
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.5.356
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
Several issues concerning endoscope reprocessing remain unresolved based on currently available data. Thus, further studies are required to confirm standard practices including safe endoscope shelf life, proper frequency of replacement of some accessories including water bottles and connecting tubes, and microbiological surveillance testing of endoscopes after reprocessing. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of newer technology that allows automated cleaning and disinfection is one such controversial issue. In addition, there are no guidelines on whether delayed reprocessing and extended soaking may harm endoscope integrity or increase the bioburden on the external or internal device surfaces. In this review, we discuss the unresolved and controversial issues regarding endoscope reprocessing.
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Citations
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Susan Bocian, Stefany Comeaux, Cynthia M. Friis, Michelle Juan, Jay Lardizabal, Stephanie Prischak, Colleen Sawyer
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Original Article
- Survey of Endoscope Reprocessing in Korea
- Jeong Bae Park, Jae Nam Yang, Yun Jeong Lim, Ja Seol Koo, Jae Young Jang, Sang Hoon Park, Su Jin Hong, Sang-Woo Kim, Hoon Jai Chun, Disinfection Management Committee of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
- Clin Endosc 2015;48(1):39-47. Published online January 31, 2015
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.1.39
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
Background/Aims There is a growing emphasis on quality management in endoscope reprocessing. Previous surveys conducted in 2002 and 2004 were not practitioner-oriented. Therefore, this survey is significant for being the first to target actual participants in endoscope reprocessing in Korea.
Methods This survey comprised 33 self-filled questions, and was personally delivered to nurses and nursing auxiliaries in the endoscopy departments of eight hospitals belonging to the society. The anonymous responses were collected after 1 week either by post or in person by committee members.
Results The survey included 100 participants. In the questionnaire addressing compliance rates with the reprocessing guideline, the majority (98.9%) had a high compliance rate compared to 27% of respondents in 2002 and 50% in 2004. The lowest rate of compliance with a reprocessing procedure was reported for transporting the contaminated endoscope in a sealed container. Automated endoscope reprocessors were available in all hospitals. Regarding reprocessing time, more than half of the subjects replied that reprocessing took more than 15 minutes (63.2%).
Conclusions The quality management of endoscope reprocessing has improved as since the previous survey. A national survey expanded to include primary clinics is required to determine the true current status of endoscope reprocessing.
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Citations
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Wei-Kuo Chang, Chen-Ling Peng, Yen-Wei Chen, Cheuk-Kay Sun, Chieh-Chang Chen, Tao-Chieh Liu, Yin-Yi Chu, I-Fang Tsai, Chen-Shuan Chung, Hsiao-Fen Lin, Fang-Yu Hsu, Wei-Chen Tai, Hsi-Chang Lee, Hsu-Heng Yen, E-Ming Wang, Shu-Hui Chen, Cheng-Hsin Chu, Ming-
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Reviews
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- Sanghoon Park, Jae Young Jang, Ja Seol Koo, Jeong Bae Park, Yun Jeong Lim, Su Jin Hong, Sang-Woo Kim, Hoon Jai Chun, Disinfection Management Committee, The Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
- Clin Endosc 2013;46(4):337-341. Published online July 31, 2013
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
Gastrointestinal endoscopy is gaining popularity for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, concerns over endoscope-related nosocomial infections are increasing, together with interest by the general public in safe and efficient endoscopy. For this reason, reprocessing the gastrointestinal endoscope is an important step for effective performance of endoscopy. Disinfectants are essential to the endoscope reprocessing procedure. Before selecting an appropriate disinfectant, their characteristics, limitations and means of use must be fully understood. Herein, we review the characteristics of several currently available disinfectants, including their uses, potency, advantages, and disadvantages. Most disinfectants can be used to reprocess gastrointestinal endoscopes if the manufacturer's guidelines are followed. The selection and use of a suitable disinfectant depends on the individual circumstances of each endoscopy suite.
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- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.3.274
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
With the increasing interest in endoscopy and the rising number of endoscopic examinations in hospitals, the importance of endoscopic reprocessing is also increasing. Cure facilities that are understaffed and ill-equipped are trying to cope with the problems of insufficient cleaning and high infection risks. To prevent endoscopy-associated infection, the endoscope cleaning, and disinfection guidelines prepared by the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy must be followed. In this review, the steps of endoscopic reprocessing and the equipments required in each step are discussed.
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
As infection-related issues have become one of the most important concerns in endoscopy centers, proper reprocessing of endoscopes has attracted great interest. Compliance with established guidelines for reprocessing is critical to prevent pathogen transmission. However, hospital compliance with guidelines has not been satisfactory. To increase compliance, efforts have focused on developing new and more innovative disinfectants and an automated endoscope reprocessor. Reprocessing must be performed by appropriately trained personnel and regular monitoring of reprocessing is essential for quality assurance to improve compliance.
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Citations
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Original Article
- Comparison on the Efficacy of Disinfectants Used in Automated Endoscope Reprocessors: PHMB-DBAC versus Orthophthalaldehyde
- Sun Young Kim, Hong Sik Lee, Jong Jin Hyun, Min Ho Seo, Sun Young Yim, Ha Young Oh, Hye Sook Kim, Bora Keum, Yeon Seok Seo, Yong Sik Kim, Yoon Tae Jeen, Hoon Jai Chun, Soon Ho Um, Chang Duck Kim, Ho Sang Ryu
- Clin Endosc 2011;44(2):109-115. Published online December 31, 2011
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2011.44.2.109
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
Background/Aims Since endoscopes are reusable apparatus classified as semicritical item, thorough reprocessing to achieve high-level disinfection is of utmost importance to prevent spread of infection. To improve disinfection efficacy and safety, disinfectants and endoscope reprocessors are continuously evolving. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of the combination of polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (PHMB-DBAC) and orthophthalaldehyde (OPA) used respectively in ultrasonographic cleaning incorporated automated endoscope reprocessors: COOLENDO (APEX Korea) or OER-A (Olympus Optical).
Methods A total of 86 flexible upper endoscopes were randomly reprocessed with either COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC or OER-A/OPA. Culture samplings were done at two sites (endoscope tip and working channel) which were later incubated on blood agar plate. Bacterial colonies were counted and identified.
Results The culture-positive rate at the endoscope tip and working channel was 0% and 2.33% for COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC and 4.65% and 0% for OER-A/OPA.
Staphylococcus hominis was cultured from one endoscope reprocessed with COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC andPseudomonas putida was isolated from two endoscopes reprocessed with OER-A/OPA.Conclusions The reprocessing efficacy of COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC was non-inferior to that of OER-A/OPA (
p =0.032; confidence interval, -0.042 to 0.042). During the study period, significant side effect of PHMB-DBAC was not observed.-
Citations
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