Original Article
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Development of colonic stent simulator using three-dimensional printing technique: a simulator development study in Korea
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Hyundam Gu, Suyoung Lee, Sol Kim, Hye-Lim Jang, Da-Woon Choi, Kyu Seok Kim, Yu Ri Shin, Dae Young Cheung, Bo-In Lee, Jin Il Kim, Han Hee Lee
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Clin Endosc 2024;57(6):790-797. Published online September 23, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.110
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- Background
/Aims: Colonic stenting plays a vital role in the management of acute malignant colonic obstruction. The increasing use of self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) and the diverse challenges posed by colonic obstruction at various locations underscore the importance of effective training for colonic stent placement.
Methods
All the components of the simulator were manufactured using silicone molding techniques in conjunction with three-dimensional (3D) printing. 3D images sourced from computed tomography scans and colonoscopy images were converted into a stereolithography format. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymers have been used in fused deposition modeling to produce moldings.
Results
The simulator replicated the large intestine from the rectum to the cecum, mimicking the texture and shape of the human colon. It enables training for colonoscopy insertion, cecum intubation, loop reduction, and stenting within stenotic areas. Interchangeable stenotic modules for four sites (rectum, sigmoid colon, descending colon, and ascending colon) were easily assembled for training. These modules integrate tumor contours and blood vessel structures with a translucent center, allowing real-time visualization during stenting. Successful and repeatable demonstrations of stent insertion and expansion using the reusable SEMS were consistently achieved.
Conclusions
This innovative simulator offers a secure colonic stenting practice across various locations, potentially enhancing clinical outcomes by improving operator proficiency during actual procedures.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Novel minimally invasive strategies for achieving source control in intra-abdominal infections
Clayton Wyland, Desmond Zeng, Robert G. Sawyer
Current Opinion in Critical Care.2025; 31(2): 228. CrossRef - Comments on ‘Development of colonic stent simulator using three-dimensional printing technique: a simulator development study in Korea’
Dae Jin Jung, Gwang Ha Kim
Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(2): 334. CrossRef
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2,830
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Review
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Advances in self-expandable metal stents for endoscopic ultrasound-guided interventions
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Dong Kee Jang, Dong Wook Lee, Seong-Hun Kim, Kwang Bum Cho, Sundeep Lakhtakia
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Clin Endosc 2024;57(5):588-594. Published online July 9, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.169
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- Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided interventions have evolved rapidly in recent years, with dedicated metal stents playing a crucial role in this process. Specifically, the invention of biflanged short metal-covered stents, including lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS), and modifications in a variety of tubular self-expandable metal stents (SEMS), have led to innovations in EUS-guided interventions. LAMS or non-LAMS stents are commonly used in the EUS-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections, especially in cases of walled-off necrosis. Additionally, LAMS is commonly considered for drainage of the EUS-guided gallbladder or dilated common bile duct and EUS-guided gastroenterostomy. Fully or partially covered tubular SEMS with several new designs are being considered for EUS-guided biliary drainage. This review focuses on advances in SEMS for EUS-guided interventions and discusses related research results.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Stent-Over-Sponge (SOS) as a Rescue Technique for Leak Post-Bariatric Surgery: Experience From Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Canada
Majed Alanazi, Bandar Ali, Ibrahim Alonazi, Pierre Y Garneau , Denis Ronald, Radu Pescarus
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy, with focus on technique and practical tips
Chi-Ying Yang, Wen-Hsin Huang, Hsing-Hung Cheng
Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(2): 201. CrossRef - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy without tract dilation using a novel ultra-tapered slim-delivery metallic stent
Ritsuko Oishi, Haruo Miwa, Kazuki Endo, Hiromi Tsuchiya, Yuichi Suzuki, Kazushi Numata, Shin Maeda
Endoscopy.2025; 57(S 01): E244. CrossRef
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4,290
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Original Article
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Outcomes of partially covered self-expandable metal stents with different uncovered lengths in endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy: a Japanese retrospective study
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Takeshi Okamoto, Takashi Sasaki, Tsuyoshi Takeda, Tatsuki Hirai, Takahiro Ishitsuka, Manabu Yamada, Hiroki Nakagawa, Takafumi Mie, Takaaki Furukawa, Akiyoshi Kasuga, Masato Ozaka, Naoki Sasahira
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Clin Endosc 2024;57(4):515-526. Published online May 10, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.142
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Graphical Abstract
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- Background
/Aims: The optimal length of the uncovered portion of partially covered self-expandable metal stents (PCSEMSs) used in endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) remains unclear. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of PCSEMSs with different uncovered lengths, with a focus on stent migration and time to recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO).
Methods
Outcomes of patients undergoing EUS-HGS using PCSEMSs with 5-mm and 20-mm uncovered portions at our institution from January 2016 to December 2021 were compared.
Results
Sixty-two patients underwent EUS-HGS using PCSEMS (5/20-mm uncovered portions: 32/30). Stent migration occurred only in the 5-mm group. There were no differences in RBO rates (28.1% vs. 40.0%) or median time to RBO (6.8 vs. 7.1 months) between the two groups. Median overall survival (OS) was longer in the 20-mm group (3.1 vs. 4.9 months, p=0.037) due to the higher number of patients that resumed chemotherapy after EUS-HGS (56.7% vs. 28.1%, p=0.029). Good performance status, absence of hepatic metastases, and chemotherapy after EUS-HGS were independent predictors of longer OS.
Conclusions
No migration was observed in patients treated with PCSEMS with 20-mm uncovered portions. Patients treated with PCSEMS with 20-mm uncovered portions performed at least as well as those treated with 5-mm uncovered portions in all material respects.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Migration of covered expandable metal stents after endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy: stent covering versus stent design?
Todd H. Baron
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(4): 471. CrossRef
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3,036
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Case Report
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Metal Stent Placement in the Afferent Loop Obstructed by Peritoneal Metastases—Experience of Five Cases
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Yoshihide Kanno, Tetsuya Ohira, Yoshihiro Harada, Yoshiki Koike, Taku Yamagata, Megumi Tanaka, Tomohiro Shimada, Kei Ito
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Clin Endosc 2018;51(3):299-303. Published online April 18, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.005
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- Afferent loop syndrome is often difficult to resolve. Among patients with afferent loop syndrome whose data were extracted from databases, 5 patients in whom metal stent placement was attempted were included and evaluated in this study. The procedure was technically successful without any adverse events in all patients. Metal stent(s) was placed with an endoscope in the through-the-scope manner in 4 patients and via a percutaneous route in 1 patient. Obvious clinical efficacy was observed in all patients. Adverse events related to the procedure and stent occlusion during the follow-up period were not observed. Metal stent placement for malignant obstruction of the afferent loop was found to be safe and feasible.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Early and late effects of endoscopic interventions in patients with malignant afferent loop syndrome: A single‐center experience and literature review
Kenjiro Yamamoto, Takao Itoi, Yukitoshi Matsunami, Atsushi Sofuni, Takayoshi Tsuchiya, Shuntaro Mukai, Hiroyuki Kojima, Hirohito Minami, Ryosuke Nakatsubo, Ryosuke Tonozuka
Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences.2024; 31(2): 120. CrossRef - Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided gastroenterostomy using self‐expandable metallic stent for afferent loop syndrome: A single‐center retrospective study
Yuya Hagiwara, Susumu Hijioka, Yoshikuni Nagashio, Yuta Maruki, Akihiro Ohba, Yuki Kawasaki, Kotaro Takeshita, Tetsuro Takasaki, Daiki Agarie, Hidenobu Hara, Shin Yagi, Soma Fukuda, Masaru Kuwada, Daiki Yamashige, Kohei Okamoto, Mark Chatto, Shunsuke Kond
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2024; 39(10): 2136. CrossRef - Efficacy and safety of endoscopic stent placement for afferent loop obstruction using a short double‐balloon endoscopy
Takashi Ito, Masaaki Shimatani, Masataka Masuda, Koh Nakamaru, Toshiyuki Mitsuyama, Norimasa Fukata, Tsukasa Ikeura, Makoto Takaoka, Kazuichi Okazaki, Makoto Naganuma
DEN Open.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Endoscopic Transluminal Stent Placement for Malignant Afferent Loop Obstruction
Chinatsu Yonekura, Takashi Sasaki, Takafumi Mie, Takeshi Okamoto, Tsuyoshi Takeda, Takaaki Furukawa, Yuto Yamada, Akiyoshi Kasuga, Masato Matsuyama, Masato Ozaka, Naoki Sasahira
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(21): 6357. CrossRef - Clinical management for malignant afferent loop obstruction
Arata Sakai, Hideyuki Shiomi, Atsuhiro Masuda, Takashi Kobayashi, Yasutaka Yamada, Yuzo Kodama
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2021; 13(7): 509. CrossRef - Clinical management for malignant afferent loop obstruction
Arata Sakai, Hideyuki Shiomi, Atsuhiro Masuda, Takashi Kobayashi, Yasutaka Yamada, Yuzo Kodama
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2021; 13(7): 684. CrossRef - Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Gastroenterostomy for Afferent Loop Syndrome
Hideyuki Shiomi, Arata Sakai, Ryota Nakano, Shogo Ota, Takashi Kobayashi, Atsuhiro Masuda, Hiroko Iijima
Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(6): 810. CrossRef - Usefulness of endoscopic metal stent placement for malignant afferent loop obstruction
Akihiko Kida, Hidenori Kido, Toshiki Matsuo, Atsuyoshi Mizukami, Masaaki Yano, Fumitaka Arihara, Koichiro Matsuda, Kohei Ogawa, Mitsuru Matsuda, Akito Sakai
Surgical Endoscopy.2020; 34(5): 2103. CrossRef - Endoscopic Self-Expandable Metal Stent Placement for Malignant Afferent Loop Obstruction After Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Case Series and Review
Arata Sakai, Hideyuki Shiomi, Takao Iemoto, Ryota Nakano, Takuya Ikegawa, Takashi Kobayashi, Atsuhiro Masuda, Yuzo Kodama
Clinical Endoscopy.2020; 53(4): 491. CrossRef - Endoscopic nasogastric tube insertion for treatment of benign afferent loop obstruction after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Yuning Cao, Xiangheng Kong, Daogui Yang, Senlin Li
Medicine.2019; 98(28): e16475. CrossRef - Enteral self-expandable metal stent placement for malignant afferent limb syndrome using single-balloon enteroscope: report of five cases
Kei Yane, Akio Katanuma, Tsuyoshi Hayashi, Kuniyuki Takahashi, Toshifumi Kin, Kazumasa Nagai, Kazunari Tanaka, Naohiro Komatsu, Masato Endo, Yousuke Kobayashi, Yukiko Takigawa, Ran Utsunomiya
Endoscopy International Open.2018; 06(11): E1330. CrossRef
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Review
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Endoscopic Management of Anastomotic Strictures after Liver Transplantation
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Dong Wook Lee, Hyeong Ho Jo, Juveria Abdullah, Michel Kahaleh
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Clin Endosc 2016;49(5):457-461. Published online September 30, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2016.130
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- Endoscopic treatment of biliary strictures involving plastic stent placement has been used widely. The use of self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) has been described for anastomotic strictures following liver transplantation (LT). This review aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of plastic stents with SEMS in LT patients. Information was retrieved regarding technical success, stricture resolution, the number of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography procedures, follow-up, immediate, and late complications. Eight studies involving plastic stents had a stricture resolution rate of 84.5%, with the rates ranging from 63% to 100%. These rates are comparable with the stricture resolution rate of 75% determined from six studies that involved 236 patients who received metal stents and the rates ranged from 53% to 81%. The observed success rate for metal stents used to manage post-LT anastomotic biliary strictures was below the reported rate for multiple plastic stents. Hence, the currently available metal stents should not be offered for the management of post-LT anastomotic biliary strictures.
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Citations
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- Less is more: The use of single biodegradable stenting to treat biliary anastomotic strictures in pediatric liver transplantation
Jesús Quintero Bernabeu, Javier Juamperez Goñi, Maria Mercadal Hally, Cristina Padrós Fornieles, Mauricio Larrarte King, José Andrés Molino Gahete, Anna Coma Muñoz, Iratxe Diez Miranda, Mercedes Pérez Lafuente, Ramon Charco Torra, Ernest Hidalgo Llompart
Liver Transplantation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Long-Term Results of Endoscopic Metal Stenting for Biliary Anastomotic Stricture after Liver Transplantation
Aymeric Becq, Alexis Laurent, Quentin De Roux, Cristiano Cremone, Hugo Rotkopf, Yann Le Baleur, Farida Mesli, Christophe Duvoux, Aurélien Amiot, Charlotte Gagniere, Nicolas Mongardon, Julien Calderaro, Daniele Sommacale, Alain Luciani, Iradj Sobhani
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Martha M. Kirstein, Torsten Voigtländer
Zentralblatt für Chirurgie - Zeitschrift für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie.2022; 147(04): 398. CrossRef - Intraductal fully covered self-expanding metal stents in the management of post-liver transplant anastomotic strictures: a UK wide experience
Wafaa Ahmed, Dave Kyle, Amardeep Khanna, John Devlin, David Reffitt, Zeino Zeino, George Webster, Simon Phillpotts, Robert Gordon, Gareth Corbett, William Gelson, Manu Nayar, Haider Khan, Matthew Cramp, Jonathan Potts, Waleed Fateen, Hamish Miller, Bharat
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Samir Zeair, Robert Stasiuk, Labib Zair, Marta Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska, Anita Rybicka, Elżbieta Grochans, Arkadiusz Kazimierczak
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Ben Warner, Phillip Harrison, Muhammad Farman, John Devlin, David Reffitt, Yasser El-Sherif, Shirin E. Khorsandi, Andreas Prachalias, Miriam Cortes Cerisuelo, Krish Menon, Wayel Jassem, Parthi Srinivasan, Hector Vilca-Melendez, Michael Heneghan, Nigel Hea
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A. V. Shabunin, I. Yu. Korzheva, G. M. Chechenin, S. S. Lebedev, P. A. Drozdov, O. S. Zhuravel, S. A. Astapovich
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James F. Crismale, Jawad Ahmad
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Dong Wook Lee, Jimin Han
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2019; 34(2): 261. CrossRef - Efficacy of Nasobiliary Tubes and Biliary Stents in Management of Patients with Bile Leak after Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review
Ali Raza, Anam Omer, Sara Iqbal, Vineet Gudsoorkar, Pramoda Koduru, Kumar Krishnan
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Ahmed Akhter, Patrick Pfau, Mark Benson, Anurag Soni, Deepak Gopal
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Sanjaya K. Satapathy, Imran Sheikh, Bilal Ali, Fazal Yahya, Mehmet Kocak, Laxmi Babu Parsa, James D. Eason, Jason M. Vanatta, Satheesh P. Nair
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Tin Moe Wai, Eun Young Kim
Clinical Endoscopy.2016; 49(6): 502. CrossRef
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9,714
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Focused Review Series: Past, present and futures of gastrointestinal stents
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Basic Knowledge about Metal Stent Development
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Seok Jeong
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Clin Endosc 2016;49(2):108-112. Published online March 22, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2016.029
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- Biliary self-expandable metal stents (SEMS), a group of non-vascular stents, have been used in the palliative management of biliary obstruction around the world. However, there are still unmet needs in the clinical application of biliary SEMS. Comprehensive understanding of the SEMS is required to resolve the drawbacks and difficulties of metal stent development. The basic structure of SEMS, including the materials and knitting methods of metal wires, covering materials, and radiopaque markers, are discussed in this review. What we know about the physical and mechanical properties of the SEMS is very important. With an understanding of the basic knowledge of metal stents, hurdles such as stent occlusion, migration, and kinking can be overcome to develop more ideal SEMS.
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Citations
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- Characteristics of four commonly used self-expanding biliary stents: an in vitro study
Jiaywei Tsauo, Yan Fu, Yue Liu, Xiaowu Zhang, He Zhao, Xiao Li
European Radiology Experimental.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Influence of tin additions on the corrosion passivation of TiZrTa alloy in sodium chloride solutions
El-Sayed M. Sherif
Science and Engineering of Composite Materials.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Biliary and pancreatic stents
Samuel Han, Jorge V. Obando, Amit Bhatt, Juan Carlos Bucobo, Dennis Chen, Andrew P. Copland, Koushik K. Das, Mohit Girotra, Allon Kahn, Kumar Krishnan, Sonali S. Sakaria, Monica Saumoy, Guru Trikudanathan, Arvind J. Trindade, Julie Yang, Ryan J. Law, Davi
iGIE.2023; 2(2): 240. CrossRef - Corrosion Passivation in Simulated Body Fluid of Ti-Zr-Ta-xSn Alloys as Biomedical Materials
El-Sayed M. Sherif, Yassir A. Bahri, Hamad F. Alharbi, Muhammad Farzik Ijaz
Materials.2023; 16(13): 4603. CrossRef - Radiofrequency ablation via an implanted self-expandable metallic stent to treat in-stent restenosis in a rat gastric outlet obstruction model
Dong-Sung Won, Yubeen Park, Chu Hui Zeng, Dae Sung Ryu, Ji Won Kim, Jeon Min Kang, Song Hee Kim, Hyung-Sik Kim, Sang Soo Lee, Jung-Hoon Park
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Understanding mechanical properties of biliary metal stents for wise stent selection
Seok Jeong
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Masaki Kuwatani, Kazumichi Kawakubo, Naoya Sakamoto
Digestive Endoscopy.2022; 34(2): 334. CrossRef - Alumina as a Computed Tomography Soft Material and Tissue Fiducial Marker
S. E. Stephens, N. B. Ingels, J. F. Wenk, M. O. Jensen
Experimental Mechanics.2022; 62(5): 879. CrossRef - Mechanical Property and Problems of the Self-expandable Metal Stent in Pancreaticobiliary Cancer
Thanawat Luangsukrerk
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Kentaro Yamao, Mamoru Takenaka, Takeshi Ogura, Hiroaki Hashimoto, Hisakazu Matsumoto, Masashi Yamamoto, Tsukasa Ikeura, Akira Kurita, Zhao Liang Li, Hideyuki Shiomi, Yasutaka Chiba, Masatoshi Kudo, Tsuyoshi Sanuki
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A.V. Shabunin, M.M. Tavobilov, S.S. Lebedev, A.A. Karpov
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Abdul Haseeb, Stuart K. Amateau
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Luuk R.M. Versteegden, Marja ter Meer, Roger M.L.M. Lomme, J. Adam van der Vliet, Leo J. Schultze Kool, Toin H. van Kuppevelt, Willeke F. Daamen
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Ja Yoon Heo, Hee Seung Lee, Jun Hyuk Son, Sang Hyub Lee, Seungmin Bang
Yonsei Medical Journal.2018; 59(7): 827. CrossRef - Spontaneous Common Bile Duct Perforation Treated with Placement of Metal Stent
Dong Hoon Yang, Sang Wook Park, Hyeung Chul Moon, Kyoung Wan You, Seo Joon Eun, Seung Ki Moon, Choel Min Bak, Shin Hyoung Jo
Korean Journal of Pancreas and Biliary Tract.2016; 21(4): 222. CrossRef
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Development of Biliary and Enteral Stents by the Korean Gastrointestinal Endoscopists
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Chan Sup Shim, Jin Hong Kim, Gene Hyun Bok
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Clin Endosc 2016;49(2):113-123. Published online March 9, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2016.039
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- Stenting in the gastrointestinal tract is a common procedure used for palliation of obstruction in the enteral and biliary tract. Today, stenting of malignant and benign strictures is performed at almost every major tertiary hospital in Korea. Moreover, Korea has become a major global supplier of cutting edge technology in the field of self-expanding metal stents. However, the history of stenting in Korea is relatively short and was far behind that of other nations such as Japan and Germany. The authors are humbled and gratified to have been able to observe the development and application of these stents in Korea, first hand. In this article, the authors review the overall history of stenting with a specific focus on the development of stenting in Korea. The development of esophageal, gastroduodenal, biliary, and colonic stents in Korea are reviewed in this article from a chronological and historical point of view, and a personal account of some of the significant moments of stent development in Korea are described.
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Citations
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- Fracture of self-expandable metallic stent inserted for unresectable gastric cancer at the esophagogastric junction: successful retrieval of distal fragment by gastrotomy
Masaaki Urade, Daiki Kimura, Toshifumi Shinbo, Shinichiro Hirokawa
Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 15(2): 351. CrossRef - Early malfunction of a biliary self-expandable metal stent with an antireflux valve
Sang Hoon Kim, Chi Hyuk Oh, Jae Min Lee, Seong Ji Choi, Hyuk Soon Choi, Eun Sun Kim, Bora Keum, Yoon Tae Jeen, Hoon Jai Chun, Hong Sik Lee, Chang Duck Kim
Medicine.2020; 99(16): e19750. CrossRef
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Current Status of Biliary Metal Stents
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Hyeong Seok Nam, Dae Hwan Kang
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Clin Endosc 2016;49(2):124-130. Published online February 25, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2016.023
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- Many advances have been achieved in biliary stenting over the past 30 years. Endoscopic stent placement has become the primary management therapy to relieve obstruction in patients with benign or malignant biliary tract diseases. Compared with plastic stents, a self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) has been used for management in patients with malignant strictures because of a larger lumen and longer stent patency. Recently, SEMS has been used for various benign biliary strictures and leaks. In this article, we briefly review the characteristics of SEMS as well as complications of stent placement. We review the current guidelines for managing malignant and benign biliary obstructions. Recent developments in biliary stenting are also discussed.
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- Biliary drainage in pancreatic cancer with duodenal invasion: which route is the best?
Tanyaporn Chantarojanasiri, Thawee Ratanachu-Ek
Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(1): 82. CrossRef - Avoiding additional adverse events: exercising caution with use of transpapillary covered metal biliary stents
Stuart K. Amateau
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2025; 101(6): 1118. CrossRef - Surgical Palliation for Advanced Pancreas Cancer
Caitlin S. Jacobs, Dominic J. Vitello, Akhil Chawla
Surgical Clinics of North America.2024; 104(5): 1121. CrossRef - Biliary stents for active materials and surface modification: Recent advances and future perspectives
Yuechuan Li, Kunshan Yuan, Chengchen Deng, Hui Tang, Jinxuan Wang, Xiaozhen Dai, Bing Zhang, Ziru Sun, Guiying Ren, Haijun Zhang, Guixue Wang
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Marcella Pimpinelli, Michael Makar, Michel Kahaleh
Digestive Endoscopy.2023; 35(4): 443. CrossRef - Interventional Radiology Management of Vascular Complications From Gastrointestinal Interventions
Harish A. Narayanan, Sailendra G. Naidu, Sadeer Alzubaidi, Indravadan Patel, Sasha Staack, Rahmi Oklu
Contemporary Diagnostic Radiology.2023; 46(4): 1. CrossRef - Percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage/percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent implantation for treatment of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with obstructive jaundice
Yue Chen, Chao Zhang, Tao Luo
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Ye Sheng, Xiaobo Fu, Guobao Wang, Maoyuan Mu, Weiwei Jiang, Zixiong Chen, Han Qi, Fei Gao
Cancer Imaging.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Effect of Percutaneous Endobiliary Radiofrequency Ablation in Malignant Bile Stenosis
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