Nightmare of straight-type plastic stent migration into the peripheral bile duct: what is my savior?

Yun Chae Lee; Shayan Irani; Hyung Ku Chon

doi:10.5946/ce.2023.132

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Boost Your Learning with Quiz Nightmare of straight-type plastic stent migration into the peripheral bile duct: what is my savior?: Yun Chae Lee^1,2, Shayan Irani³, Hyung Ku Chon^4,5,; Clinical Endoscopy 2024;57(1):134-136.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.132
Published online: August 3, 2023

¹Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea

²Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea

³Digestive Disease Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA

⁴Division of Biliopancreas, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Hospital, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea

⁵Institution of Wonkwang Medical Science, Iksan, Korea

Correspondence: Hyung Ku Chon Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Hospital, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Korea E-mail: gipb2592@wku.ac.kr

• Received: May 20, 2023 • Revised: June 9, 2023 • Accepted: June 12, 2023

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Quiz

A 76-year-old female patient was referred to our hospital complaining of high fever (up to 39.5 °C). She was receiving chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer at another hospital and had undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for biliary drainage using a plastic stent (straight-type, 8.5 Fr×7 cm, Boston Scientific) 29 days prior. Laboratory examination revealed elevated total bilirubin level (3.41 mg/dL), aspartate transaminase level (135 IU/L), alanine transaminase level (161 IU/L), gamma-glutamyl transferase level (234 IU/L), and C-reactive protein level (129.84 mg/L). Abdominopelvic computed tomography revealed proximal migration of the previously placed stent with a distal bile duct stricture due to pancreatic head cancer (Fig. 1). ERCP was performed in order to remove the migrated stent. In our first attempt, we utilized a stone extraction balloon catheter to sweep the proximal part of the plastic stent. However, longitudinal force exerted by the stone extraction balloon catheter was inadequate due to the straight-type biliary plastic stent being located too peripherally, and this led to failure to remove the stent. Then, a standard basket and rat-tooth forceps were used to grab the stent or stent flap for removal of the migrated stent, but it was unsuccessful as well. The stent had migrated proximally into the bile duct. What is the most favorable treatment option?

Answer

A digital single-operator cholangioscopy (D-SOC) system (SpyGlass DS; Boston Scientific) was used and the D-SOC was advanced through the guidewire in the direction of the migrated plastic stent (Fig. 2A). Next, the distal flap of the plastic biliary stent was captured using a SpyGlass retrieval basket (Boston Scientific) (Fig. 2B–D, Supplementary Video 1). The stent was withdrawn slowly under direct endoscopic visualization using D-SOC and fluoroscopic guidance (Fig. 2E, F). Thereafter, plastic biliary stent (7 Fr, double pigtail) placement and endoscopic nasobiliary drainage were performed.

Biliary plastic stent placement via ERCP is widely used to treat obstructive jaundice due to malignant stricture.¹ The incidence of proximal migration of biliary plastic stents has been reported to be 3.1% to 4.9%,²^-⁵ and the success rate of stent retrieval was approximately 88% in the first attempt.⁵^,⁶ Traditionally, stone extraction balloon catheters, stone retrieval baskets, forceps, and Soehendra stent retrievers have been used to retrieve proximally migrated stents. If classical endoscopic methods fail, secondary complications, such as obstruction, infection, and perforation caused by the remaining stent, may occur. With the recent introduction of D-SOC, SpyGlass retrieval baskets can be used to precisely grasping the flaps of migrated plastic stents under direct visualization. This enables the removal of stents without complications. Therefore, D-SOC-guided plastic stent removal into the deep peripheral bile duct should be considered if the other methods fail.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Video 1.

Process of proximally migrated straight-type plastic stent removal using digital single-operator cholangioscopy (https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.132.v1).

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Supplementary materials related to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.132.

Conflicts of Interest

Hyung Ku Chon is currently serving as a KSGE Publication Committee member in Clinical Endoscopy; however, he was not involved in peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or the decision process in this study. Shayan Irani is a consultant for Boston Scientific and Gore. Yun Chae Lee has no potential conflicts of interest.

Funding

None.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: HKC; Writing–original draft: YCL, HKC; Writing–review & editing drafted: SI, HKC.

Fig. 1.

Abdominal computed tomography findings. (A, B) A proximally migrated straight-type biliary plastic stent (black open arrows) is observed in the coronal view and axial view. (C) Proximally migrated plastic straight-type biliary stent (black open arrow) and pancreatic mass (white arrow) are observed in the axial view.

Fig. 2.

Process of proximally migrated straight-type plastic biliary stent removal using digital single-operator cholangioscopy (D-SOC). (A) In D-SOC, the scope (white open arrow) is inserted through the guidewire to assist with the direction of the migrated stent (black open arrow), as noted in the fluoroscopic image. (B) A flap is observed at the distal end of a plastic biliary stent under D-SOC. (C, D) The flap on the distal part of the plastic stent is captured using a SpyGlass retrieval basket (white arrow). (E, F) The migrated plastic biliary stent is removed by slowly withdrawing the D-SOC and duodenoscope simultaneously.

REFERENCES

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2. Johanson JF, Schmalz MJ, Geenen JE. Incidence and risk factors for biliary and pancreatic stent migration. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:341–346.Article PubMed
3. Namdar T, Raffel AM, Topp SA, et al. Complications and treatment of migrated biliary endoprostheses: a review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:5397–5399.Article PubMed PMC
4. Bagul A, Pollard C, Dennison AR. A review of problems following insertion of biliary stents illustrated by an unusual complication. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2010;92:W27–W31.Article PubMed PMC
5. Taj MA, Ghazanfar S, Qureshi S, et al. Plastic stent migration in ERCP; a tertiary care experience. J Pak Med Assoc 2019;69:1099–1102.PubMed
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