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HOME > Clin Endosc > Volume 51(4); 2018 > Article
Original Article Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adult Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Locality in Upper Egypt
Magdy Fouad1orcid, Yasser Mahrous Fouad1, Hamdy Ahmed Mokareb1, Elham Ahmed Mohamed2, Dalia Mohammed Abdel-Rehim3
Clinical Endoscopy 2018;51(4):357-361.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2017.166
Published online: April 11, 2018

1Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, Minya, Egypt

2Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, Minya, Egypt

3Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, Minya, Egypt

Correspondence: Magdy Fouad Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, Minya 61111, Egypt Tel: +20-86-2326864, Fax: +20-86-2326864, E-mail: Drmagdyf@yahoo.com
• Received: October 13, 2017   • Revised: January 3, 2018   • Accepted: January 5, 2018

Copyright © 2018 Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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See letter "Changing Concept of the Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Visible and Hidden Patients" in Volume 51 on page 307.
  • Background/Aims
    Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is gaining importance in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms. Diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation of esophageal dysfunction and pathological findings in the absence of other causes of tissue eosinophilia. Our study was designed to evaluate EoE prevalence in patients with UGI symptoms in our locality (El-Minia, Egypt).
  • Methods
    This single-center, cross-sectional study recruited all patients with UGI symptoms who agreed for endoscopic evaluation. Esophageal biopsy samples were obtained and histological evaluation for the presence of eosinophils was performed for every patient. EoE was defined when at least 15 eosinophils were present in a single high-power field, in the absence of other causes of esophageal eosinophilia.
  • Results
    Between 2013 and 2015, 218 of 476 adult patients with UGI symptoms underwent upper endoscopy after giving consent. Among the 218 patients, only 4 (1.87%) had the diagnosis of EoE based on the presence of eosinophils in esophageal biopsies and exclusion of other causes of esophageal eosinophilia. Three patients with EoE presented mainly with dysphagia (75%) and/or other UGI symptoms, such as heartburn.
  • Conclusions
    We observed a low prevalence of EoE in our locality. The diagnosis of EoE should be considered in patients with dysphagia and/or heartburn.
  • Keywords: Eosinophilic esophagitis; Endoscopy; Upper gastrointestinal symptoms; Egypt, El-Minia
The definition of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is based on the detection of an infiltrate with at least 15 eosinophils/high-power field (HPF) in a biopsy of esophageal mucosa, combined with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and exclusion of other causes of eosinophilia [1-3].
The increasing prevalence of EoE may be partly explained by recent research aimed at diagnosis or a change in pathogenic mechanisms [4-6]. The highly-variable prevalence appears to be dependent on study population characteristics. The overall prevalence of EoE is low (0.05%–0.4%), but is reportedly as high as 15% in patients with dysphagia and 48% in patients with food bolus impaction [7-13].
Symptoms frequently associated with EoE are food impaction, dysphagia, and allergic disorders such as bronchial asthma. Endoscopic findings associated with EoE include mucosal edema, vertical furrows, concentric rings, whitish exudates and/oresophageal strictures [14,15]. Moreover, EoE can be associated with manifestations similar to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), such as heartburn and regurgitation, in nearly 30% of cases [15].
The aim of our work was to determine EoE prevalence in patients with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms in our locality.
This study included 218 of 476 patients with various UGI symptoms who received proton-pump inhibitor therapy for 2 months with no improvement and agreed to undergo esophagogastroduodenoscopy after providing written informed consent. Patients with collagen diseases (such as scleroderma) or Crohn’s disease were excluded; all patients stopped proton-pump inhibitors and H2 blockers1month before endoscopy. Athorough medical history was recorded with emphasis on demographic data and UGI symptoms (e.g., dysphagia, heartburn, vomiting, anorexia, and epigastric pain, in addition to a history of weight loss). Complete blood testing, liver and renal function testing, and urine and stool analyses were performed in all patients. Upper endoscopies were performed in the endoscopy unit of our gastroenterology department. A special endoscopic information sheet prepared for our research was completed. Examination was performed by well-trained endoscopists for the detection of findings associated with EoE (exudate, edema, rings, furrows, and strictures). Endoscopic findings of other esophageal, gastric, or duodenal diseases were also reported.
Multiple biopsy samples were obtained from the upper, middle, and lower third of the esophagus, i.e., at 5, 10, and 15 cm above the gastroesophageal junction. Gastric and duodenal biopsy samples were obtained when indicated in patients with gastric lesions for the diagnosis of the cause of UGI symptoms and detection of other causes of EoE.
Pathological examination was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Biopsies were processed and examined by a pathologist who was blinded to endoscopic and clinical data.
Diagnosis of EoE was defined as the presence of ≥15 eosinophils/HPF at any part of the esophagus [1]. In addition, the diagnosis was made in the presence of eosinophilic abscess, edema of the lamina propria, elongated papillae, and fibrosis in the absence of another cause for EoE. SPSS statistical software (Version 20.0) was used for analysis. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Comparison between the study groups was performed using the chi-squared (χ2) test.
Ethics approval of the study
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of El-Minia University; all protocols were in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.
The mean age of all patients was 36.77±12.41 years (21–67 years); 128 (58.7%) were men and 90 (41.3%) were women. Fifty-three (24.3%) were smokers (Table 1).
Epigastric pain was reported in 138 patients (63.3%), vomiting in 105 (48.2%), dysphagia in 25 (11.5%), anorexia in 80 (36.7%), and heartburn in 109 (50%). A history of weight loss was reported by 34 patients (15.6%; Table 1).
Endoscopic findings were as follow: esophagitis, gastritis, and duodenitis in 28 patients (12.8%); esophagitis and gastritis in 28 (12.8%); non-GERD esophagitis in 37 (17%); gastritis in 34 (15.6%); GERD esophagitis in 21 (9.6%); esophageal mass in 5 (2.3%); hiatal hernia in 7 (3.2%); gastric mass in 4 (1.8%); gastric or duodenal ulcer in 10 (4.6%); and endoscopically diagnosed EoE in 6 (2.8%). Normal endoscopic findings were present in 38 patients (17.4%; Table 2).
The esophageal pathological findings were as follows: non-specific esophagitis in 47 (21.6%), GERD esophagitis in 34 (15.6%), and esophageal dysplasia in 6 (2.8%). Only 4 of 6 patients (1.8%) endoscopically diagnosed with EoE matched the histopathological findings of EoE (15 eosinophils/HPF), and 127 (58.3%) showed normal esophageal pathology (this number included many patients with non-esophageal findings). The diagnosis of EoE is based on clinicopathological findings in the absence of other causes of esophageal eosinophilia; we found EoE in 4 (1.8%) patients with UGI symptoms (Table 2).
The association of endoscopic findings and esophageal histopathology with the presenting UGI symptoms is shown in Tables 3 and 4.
The mean age of EoE patients (3 men and 1 woman) was 34.3±6.0 years. None were smokers and all had normal stomach and duodenal endoscopic findings. Among these 4 patients, 3 (75%) complained of dysphagia, and 2 (50%) complained of heartburn with or without vomiting, anorexia, or epigastric pain. Dysphagia as a presenting symptom occurred more significantly in patients with EoE than in those without EoE (p<0.001; Table 5).
EoE is likely when symptoms of esophageal dysfunction are present and is confirmed by an eosinophilic infiltrate in any part of the esophagus. A minimum of 15 eosinophils/HPF is required for a diagnosis of EoE [3]. The epidemiology of EoE varies; several studies have suggested that this is due to increasing incidence or more frequent recognition [5,16].
The purpose of our study was to determine EoE prevalence in adults complaining of UGI symptoms in our locality and to identify the clinical manifestations.
Endoscopy identified 6 patients with EoE out of 218 with various UGI symptoms (2.8%), but only 4 of these 6 showed histopathology matching the diagnosis (1.8%). EoE prevalence ranges from 0.4% to 1.1% in the general population [12,17] and to 3.3% in patients presenting with UGI symptoms [18] and is further increased to 10%–15% in patients presenting with dysphagia [19-21].
Male predominance of EoE was noted in >75% of adult and child cases [22]. In our research, all EoE patients were younger than 40 years, and EoE was found in more men than women (3 men and 1 woman). These findings were similar to those reported by Veerappan et al. [13], who found that EoE is more common in men younger than 50 years. Another study found that among 41 EoE patients, the male:female ratio was 4:1, with average age at diagnosis of 45 years [23].
Endoscopic features of EoE may include mucosal edema, concentric rings, longitudinal furrows, strictures, white exudates or plaques, and pallor or decreased vasculature [16,24]. We endoscopically diagnosed 6 patients with EoE, but only 4 (66.6%) had confirmed EoE on histopathology. One of the other 2 cases was diagnosed histopathologically with non-GERD esophagitis and the other was normal. In contrast, no EoE cases diagnosed histologically had conflicting endoscopic diagnoses.
EoE may be underestimated or missed on endoscopic examination [25,26]. One study of histologically confirmed EoE reported that 8.8% of patients had no detectable endoscopic findings of EoE [16]. Another study reported normal endoscopic findings in 17% of histologically confirmed EoE cases [27]. Moreover, a study by Hunter et al. [18] found a normal esophageal endoscopic appearance in 2 of 3 histologically diagnosed EoE cases. Mackenzie et al. [10] found that 13/31 (42%) EoE patients did not have typical findings on endoscopy and might have been missed unless biopsies were taken.
Thus, even with a high index of suspicion, the presence or absence of endoscopic findings of EoE is inadequate to make a definitive diagnosis. Mucosal biopsy samples should be obtained routinely from any patient with EoE symptoms (unexplained dysphagia, refractory heartburn, or chest pain), regardless of the endoscopic findings. Histological examination of a mucosal biopsy is essential for the diagnosis of EoE [27,28].
Although the small number of cases in our study may have prevented a definitive conclusion, the combined endoscopic and histopathologic findings are extremely important in the diagnosis of EoE.
Common presenting symptoms of EoE in adults include dysphagia, food impaction, and heartburn [28]. In our study, we similarly found that dysphagia was the most common presenting symptom of EoE, found in 3 patients (75%; p<0.001). No EoE patients complained of weight loss. Similarly, other studies found that dysphagia was present in 64.0% [13] and in up to 89% of EoE patients [25]. Another study showed that the most common endoscopy indication in adults with EoE was dysphagia (70.1%), followed by GERD/heartburn (27.1%) [29]. The prevalence of EoE was 1.8% among patients presenting with UGI symptoms in El-Minia, Egypt. Dysphagia and refractory heartburn were the main presenting symptoms of EoE.
Combined endoscopic and histopathologic evaluation is important in the diagnosis of EoE.
The authors acknowledge the contribution of Professor Hanaa Khalaf, Head of our endoscopy unit, El-Minia University Hospital for her help in performing endoscopy in all patients. We acknowledge the statistical analysis of our databy Dr. Mostafa Assem.
Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Data of Patients
Patients with UGI symptoms (n=218)
Age Range (21–67)
Mean±SD 36.77±12.41
Age groups 20-30 yr 90 (41.3%)
30-40 yr 53 (24.3%)
40-50 yr 30 (13.8%)
50-60 yr 31 (14.2%)
>60 yr 14 (6.4%)
Sex M 128 (58.7%)
F 90 (41.3%)
Smoking No 165 (75.7%)
Yes 53 (24.3%)
Dysphagia No 193 (88.5%)
Yes 25 (11.5%)
Heart burn No 109 (50%)
Yes 109 (50%)
Vomiting No 113 (51.8%)
Yes 105 (48.2%)
Epigastric pain No 80 (36.7%)
Yes 138 (63.3%)
Weight loss No 184 (84.4%)
Yes 34 (15.6%)
Anorexia No 138 (63.3%)
Yes 80 (36.7%)

UGI, upper gastrointestinal; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2.
Endoscopic and Oesophageal Histopathological Findings of Patients
Patients with UGI symptoms (n=218)
Endoscopic findings Normal 38 (17.4%)
Oesophagitis, gastritis and duodenitis 28 (12.8%)
Oesophagitis and gastritis 28 (12.8%)
Non-GERD oesophagitis 37 (17%)
Gastritis 34 (15.6%)
GERD oesophagitis 21 (9.6%)
Oesophageal mass 5 (2.3%)
Hiatus hernia 7 (3.2%)
Gastric mass 4 (1.8%)
Gastric or duodenal ulcer 10 (4.6%)
EoE 6 (2.8%)
Oesophageal pathological findings Normal 127 (58.3%)
Non-specific oesophagitis 47 (21.6%)
GERD oesophagitis 34 (15.6%)
Oeosophageal carcinoma 6 (2.8%)
EoE 4 (1.8%)

UGI, upper gastrointestinal; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis.

Table 3.
Association between Presenting Symptoms & Smoking and the Endoscopic Findings in the Examined Patients
Endoscopy finding Smoking
 Dysphagia
 Heart burn
 Vomiting
 Epigastric pain
 Weight loss
 Anorexia
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Normal 11/38 28.9 3/38 7.9 13/38 34.2 18/38 47.4 20/38 52.6 2/38 5.3 10/38 26.3
Oesophagitis, gastritis and duodenitis 10/28 35.7 3/28 10.7 16/28 57.1 15/28 53.6 25/28 89.3 7/28 25 14/28 50
Oesophagitis, gastritis 7/28 25 1/28 3.6 14/28 50 13/28 46.4 17/28 60.7 0/28 0 7/28 25
Non-GERD oesophagitis 3/37 8.1 5/37 13.5 20/37 54.1 17/37 45.9 19/37 51.4 1/37 2.7 9/37 24.3
Gastritis 9/34 26.5 0/34 0 12/34 35.3 7/34 20.6 30/34 88.2 4/34 11.8 15/34 44.1
GERD 8/21 38.1 2/21 9.5 18/21 85.7 16/21 76.2 12/21 57.1 4/21 19 7/21 33.3
Oesophagitis, mass 1/5 20 4/5 80 1/5 20 3/5 60 1/5 20 4/5 80 3/5 60
Hiatus hernia 1/7 14.3 3/7 42.9 7/7 100 6/7 85.7 1/7 14.3 2/7 28.6 2/7 28.6
Gastric mass 1/4 25 0/4 0 0/4 0 1/4 25 3/4 75 4/4 100 4/4 100
Gastric ulcer 1/10 10 0/10 0 4/10 40 7/10 70 9/10 90 6/10 60 6/10 60
EoE 1/6 16.7 4/6 66.7 4/6 66.7 2/6 33.3 1/6 16.7 0/6 0 3/6 50

GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis.

Table 4.
Association between Presenting Symptoms & Smoking and the Oesophageal Pathological Findings in the Examined Patients
Oesophageal pathological findings Smoking
 Dysphagia
 Heart burn
 Vomiting
 Epigastric pain
 Weight loss
 Anorexia
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Normal 32/127 25.2 6/127 4.7 59/127 46.5 59/127 46.5 83/127 65.4 18/127 14.2 49/127 38.6
Non-specific oesophagitis 11/47 23.4 6/47 12.8 27/47 57.4 21/47 44.7 29/47 61.7 6/47 12.8 15/47 31.9
GERD oesophagitis 8/34 23.5 5/34 14.7 20/34 58.8 20/34 58.8 23/34 67.6 5/34 14.7 11/34 32.4
Oesophageal carcimona 2/6 33.3 5/6 83.3 1/6 16.7 4/6 66.7 2/6 33.3 5/6 83.3 4/6 66.7
EoE 0/4 0 3/4 75 2/4 50 1/4 25 1/4 25 0/4 0 1/4 25

GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis.

Table 5.
Comparison between Patients with and without EoE
Oesophageal pathology Smoking
 Dysphagia
 Heart burn
 Vomiting
 Epigastric pain
 Weight loss
 Anorexia
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Without EoE 53/214 24.8 22/214 10.3 107/214 50 104/214 48.6 137/214 64 34/214 15.9 79/214 36.9
With EoE 0/4 0 3/4 75 2/4 50 1/4 25 1/4 25 0/4 0 1/4 25
p-value 0.253 <0.001 1.0 0.349 0.109 0.386 0.624

EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis.

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      Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adult Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Locality in Upper Egypt
      Clin Endosc. 2018;51(4):357-361.   Published online April 11, 2018
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    Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adult Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Locality in Upper Egypt
    Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adult Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Locality in Upper Egypt
    Patients with UGI symptoms (n=218)
    Age Range (21–67)
    Mean±SD 36.77±12.41
    Age groups 20-30 yr 90 (41.3%)
    30-40 yr 53 (24.3%)
    40-50 yr 30 (13.8%)
    50-60 yr 31 (14.2%)
    >60 yr 14 (6.4%)
    Sex M 128 (58.7%)
    F 90 (41.3%)
    Smoking No 165 (75.7%)
    Yes 53 (24.3%)
    Dysphagia No 193 (88.5%)
    Yes 25 (11.5%)
    Heart burn No 109 (50%)
    Yes 109 (50%)
    Vomiting No 113 (51.8%)
    Yes 105 (48.2%)
    Epigastric pain No 80 (36.7%)
    Yes 138 (63.3%)
    Weight loss No 184 (84.4%)
    Yes 34 (15.6%)
    Anorexia No 138 (63.3%)
    Yes 80 (36.7%)
    Patients with UGI symptoms (n=218)
    Endoscopic findings Normal 38 (17.4%)
    Oesophagitis, gastritis and duodenitis 28 (12.8%)
    Oesophagitis and gastritis 28 (12.8%)
    Non-GERD oesophagitis 37 (17%)
    Gastritis 34 (15.6%)
    GERD oesophagitis 21 (9.6%)
    Oesophageal mass 5 (2.3%)
    Hiatus hernia 7 (3.2%)
    Gastric mass 4 (1.8%)
    Gastric or duodenal ulcer 10 (4.6%)
    EoE 6 (2.8%)
    Oesophageal pathological findings Normal 127 (58.3%)
    Non-specific oesophagitis 47 (21.6%)
    GERD oesophagitis 34 (15.6%)
    Oeosophageal carcinoma 6 (2.8%)
    EoE 4 (1.8%)
    Endoscopy finding Smoking
    		 Dysphagia
    		 Heart burn
    		 Vomiting
    		 Epigastric pain
    		 Weight loss
    		 Anorexia
    No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
    Normal 11/38 28.9 3/38 7.9 13/38 34.2 18/38 47.4 20/38 52.6 2/38 5.3 10/38 26.3
    Oesophagitis, gastritis and duodenitis 10/28 35.7 3/28 10.7 16/28 57.1 15/28 53.6 25/28 89.3 7/28 25 14/28 50
    Oesophagitis, gastritis 7/28 25 1/28 3.6 14/28 50 13/28 46.4 17/28 60.7 0/28 0 7/28 25
    Non-GERD oesophagitis 3/37 8.1 5/37 13.5 20/37 54.1 17/37 45.9 19/37 51.4 1/37 2.7 9/37 24.3
    Gastritis 9/34 26.5 0/34 0 12/34 35.3 7/34 20.6 30/34 88.2 4/34 11.8 15/34 44.1
    GERD 8/21 38.1 2/21 9.5 18/21 85.7 16/21 76.2 12/21 57.1 4/21 19 7/21 33.3
    Oesophagitis, mass 1/5 20 4/5 80 1/5 20 3/5 60 1/5 20 4/5 80 3/5 60
    Hiatus hernia 1/7 14.3 3/7 42.9 7/7 100 6/7 85.7 1/7 14.3 2/7 28.6 2/7 28.6
    Gastric mass 1/4 25 0/4 0 0/4 0 1/4 25 3/4 75 4/4 100 4/4 100
    Gastric ulcer 1/10 10 0/10 0 4/10 40 7/10 70 9/10 90 6/10 60 6/10 60
    EoE 1/6 16.7 4/6 66.7 4/6 66.7 2/6 33.3 1/6 16.7 0/6 0 3/6 50
    Oesophageal pathological findings Smoking
    		 Dysphagia
    		 Heart burn
    		 Vomiting
    		 Epigastric pain
    		 Weight loss
    		 Anorexia
    No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
    Normal 32/127 25.2 6/127 4.7 59/127 46.5 59/127 46.5 83/127 65.4 18/127 14.2 49/127 38.6
    Non-specific oesophagitis 11/47 23.4 6/47 12.8 27/47 57.4 21/47 44.7 29/47 61.7 6/47 12.8 15/47 31.9
    GERD oesophagitis 8/34 23.5 5/34 14.7 20/34 58.8 20/34 58.8 23/34 67.6 5/34 14.7 11/34 32.4
    Oesophageal carcimona 2/6 33.3 5/6 83.3 1/6 16.7 4/6 66.7 2/6 33.3 5/6 83.3 4/6 66.7
    EoE 0/4 0 3/4 75 2/4 50 1/4 25 1/4 25 0/4 0 1/4 25
    Oesophageal pathology Smoking
    		 Dysphagia
    		 Heart burn
    		 Vomiting
    		 Epigastric pain
    		 Weight loss
    		 Anorexia
    No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
    Without EoE 53/214 24.8 22/214 10.3 107/214 50 104/214 48.6 137/214 64 34/214 15.9 79/214 36.9
    With EoE 0/4 0 3/4 75 2/4 50 1/4 25 1/4 25 0/4 0 1/4 25
    p-value 0.253 <0.001 1.0 0.349 0.109 0.386 0.624
    Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Data of Patients

    UGI, upper gastrointestinal; SD, standard deviation.

    Table 2. Endoscopic and Oesophageal Histopathological Findings of Patients

    UGI, upper gastrointestinal; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis.

    Table 3. Association between Presenting Symptoms & Smoking and the Endoscopic Findings in the Examined Patients

    GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis.

    Table 4. Association between Presenting Symptoms & Smoking and the Oesophageal Pathological Findings in the Examined Patients

    GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis.

    Table 5. Comparison between Patients with and without EoE

    EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Table 5.

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