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Original Article Capsule Endoscopy in Refractory Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Abdominal Pain
Manuel Valero, Gladys Bravo-Velez, Roberto Oleas, Miguel Puga-Tejada, Miguel Soria-Alcívar, Haydee Alvarado Escobar, Jorge Baquerizo-Burgos, Hannah Pitanga-Lukashok, Carlos Robles-Medranda,orcid
Clinical Endoscopy 2018;51(6):570-575.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.055
Published online: November 16, 2018

Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Division, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas (IECED), Guayaquil, Ecuador

Correspondence: Carlos Robles-Medranda Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Division, Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas (IECED), OMNI Hospital, Av. Abel Romeo Castillo y Av. Juan Tanca Marengo, Torre Vitalis, Mezzanine 3, Guayaquil 090505, Ecuador Tel: +593-4-2109180, Fax: +593-4-2109180, E-mail: carlosoakm@yahoo.es
• Received: March 14, 2018   • Revised: June 9, 2018   • Accepted: July 3, 2018

Copyright © 2018 Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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See letter "Refractory Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome: Should Small Bowel Endoscopy Be Performed?" in Volume 51 on page 508.
  • Background/Aims
    Capsule endoscopy is a diagnostic method for evaluating the small bowel lumen and can detect undiagnosed lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield and clinical impact of capsule endoscopy in patients with refractory diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and functional abdominal pain.
  • Methods
    This study involved a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data, maintained in a database. Patients with refractory diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and functional abdominal pain within the period of March 2012 to March 2014 were included. Capsule endoscopy was used to detect small bowel pathologies in both groups.
  • Results
    Sixty-five patients (53.8% female) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and had a mean (±standard deviation) age of 50.9±15.9 years. Clinically significant lesions were detected via capsule endoscopy in 32.5% of the patients in the abdominal pain group and 54.5% of the patients in the diarrhea group. Overall, 48% of patients had small bowel pathologies detected during the capsule endoscopy study. Inflammatory lesions and villous atrophy were the most frequent lesions identified in 16.9% and 15.3% of patients in the abdominal pain and the diarrhea groups, respectively.
  • Conclusions
    Routine use of capsule endoscopy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome should not be recommended. However, in patients with refractory conditions, capsule endoscopy may identify abnormalities.
  • Keywords: Capsule endoscopy; Irritable bowel syndrome; Refractory
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. Its prevalence in the general population is approximately 5%–20%, and the condition is more common in women and young adults [1]. Despite IBS being one of the most frequent reasons for consultation, many patients are misdiagnosed owing to a lack of reliable biomarkers or endoscopic findings. Endoscopic evaluation, which is performed to exclude other etiologies, is normal in more than 50% of cases. Further evaluation is not recommended for gastrointestinal functional disorders, and clinical diagnosis based on the Rome IV criteria is necessary in such cases [2].
IBS is characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain associated with changes in bowel frequency and consistency. Functional abdominal pain is not associated with physiological events and cannot be fully explained by other medical conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of Rome IV criteria, in the absence of red flags, exhibit a sensitivity and specificity of 62.7% and 97.1%, respectively [3]. However, Rome IV criteria can be present in other organic or functional gastrointestinal disorders, and it is possible that patients could be misdiagnosed as having IBS, especially when the presenting symptom is unresponsive to treatment.
Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a diagnostic method that enables visualization of the small bowel lumen and can diagnose lesions not previously detected by other methods [4]. Several studies have demonstrated that CE is superior to barium follow-through, push enteroscopy, and computed tomography for the diagnosis of small bowel disease [5-7].
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield and clinical impact of CE in patients with refractory diarrhea- predominant IBS (D-IBS) and functional abdominal pain.
Study design
A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data, maintained in a database, was performed with a review of consecutive medical records and CEs. Referred patients were enrolled at the Instituto Ecuatoriano de Enfermedades Digestivas (IECED) for CE studies from March 2012 to March 2014.
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (Number: 12-05-2015). The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.
Population selection
Patients older than 18 years with D-IBS and functional abdominal pain with no improvement after medical treatment were included in separate groups. Medical records, imaging, and laboratory tests were reviewed by two gastroenterologists for the exclusion of potential misdiagnoses.
The diagnosis of D-IBS and functional abdominal pain was based on Rome III criteria. Stool consistencies using the Bristol Stool Form Score (BSFS), between 6–7 in greater than 25% of bowel movements, were considered as diarrhea.
No medical improvement was considered when the main symptom (diarrhea or abdominal pain) did not improve after eight weeks of medical treatment with 40 mg otilonium bromide three times daily and 200 mg trimebutine twice daily for abdominal pain, or 4–8 mg loperamide hydrochloride daily and 200 mg rifaximin three times daily for three days for diarrhea, as treatment modalities. Medical improvement was defined as the absence of pain and a BSFS of 3–5. Clinical impact was defined as the change in medical management resulting from CE study results.
Patients with incomplete medical charts were excluded. Any clinical, laboratory, or imaging evidence of suspected organic disease was reviewed for potential misdiagnosis and exclusion from the analysis. Patients with abnormal ultrasonography and computed tomography images and elevated inflammatory biomarkers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate and/or C-reactive protein) were excluded. Fecal calprotectin levels were measured and recorded to rule out Crohn’s disease. Patients with celiac disease (based on IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies), lactose intolerance and bacterial overgrowth (based on a breath test), parasitic infections (based on a stool examinations), and patients on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were all excluded. Any abnormal findings on upper endoscopy and/or colonoscopy were also criteria for exclusion (Fig. 1).
After selection, patients were allocated into two groups based on their main presenting symptoms. Group A included patients with D-IBS, whereas group B included patients with functional abdominal pain. The main symptom was selected according to the symptom that led patients to seek consultation. Constipation-predominant IBS patients were excluded due to ethical concerns about capsule retention, and CE is currently not indicated in these cases.
A gastroenterologist/CE expert, blind to medical charts, reviewed all capsule images.
Capsule endoscopy technique
Two types of capsules were used: MiroCam (Intromedic, Seoul, Korea) and Given PillCam SB2 Diagnostic System (Given Imaging Ltd., Yoqneam, Israel). Patients maintained a liquid diet one day prior to the study. An eight-hour fasting period before capsule intake was mandatory in all cases. Oral intake of 25 mg levosulpiride two hours before the procedure was part of the institutional protocol. When the capsule was activated, the patient ingested it with 250 cc of water. The CE procedure lasted approximately eight hours.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were analyzed according to their statistical distribution calculated by Shapiro-Wilk or Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests as indicated. Normally distributed data are represented as means (standard deviation), and skewed distributed data are represented as medians (interquartile range). Qualitative variables are represented as frequencies (%). Demographics and CE findings were compared between groups using Student’s or Welch’s t-tests for continuous variables and Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data analysis was assessed by the IECED institutional biostatistician. All statistical analyses were performed using R v3.4.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
A total of 216 medical records were evaluated by two gastroenterologists for inclusion and exclusion fulfillment criteria. Sixty-five patients (30%) were included for analysis. Another gastroenterologist, blind to the medical records and also an expert in CE, reviewed the images. The mean age was 50.2 years, and 35 (53.8%) participants were female. The main presenting symptom was diarrhea in 22 patients (33.9%) and abdominal pain in 43 patients (66.1%). The mean level of fecal calprotectin in the abdominal pain group was 18.2±6.4 and 25.3±9.2 for the D-IBS group. Demographic characteristics in both groups are summarized in Table 1.
In 28 patients (43%), findings were detected during CE. Clinically significant small bowel pathologies were identified in 26 patients (40%) (p-value=0.117), with a clinical impact of 92.8%. Inflammatory lesions and villous atrophy were the most frequent lesions found in 16.9% and 15.3% of patients, respectively.
Clinically significant lesions detected by CE were noted in 12 patients (54.6%) in group A (n=22). Villous atrophy and Crohn’s disease-related ulcers were observed in 4 (18.2%) and 8 (36.4%) patients, respectively. Normal study findings were noted in 10 patients (45.4%).
Clinically significant lesions were detected in 14 patients (32.5%) in group B (n=43). Non-specific erythema was detected in 2 patients (4.7%); however, these cases were not considered clinically relevant. Ascariasis was identified in 1 patient (2.3%) (Fig. 2A). Ulcers detected during CE (Fig. 2B) were biopsied in follow-up enteroscopy, and Crohn’s disease was diagnosed in 11 cases (100%). Villous atrophy confirmed by biopsy supported the diagnosis of celiac disease in 10 cases (100%). The submucosal tumor detected by CE was a gastrointestinal stromal tumor confirmed by histopathology (Fig. 2C). Villous atrophy was detected by CE in the jejunum (Fig. 2D). Three gastroparesis cases (6.9%) were suspected due to a prolonged time for CE passage through the small bowel and the presence of food despite the fasting protocol before CE intake and prokinetics administration. These cases were confirmed by scintigraphy. The distribution of findings detected during CE are described in Table 2.
Patients with D-IBS and functional abdominal pain diagnosis might be challenging, especially in patients with no response to medical treatment. This study evaluated the diagnostic yield and clinical impact of CE for detecting small bowel pathologies among these groups of patients.
Current diagnostic methods fail to obtain an adequate diagnosis. No specific findings discriminate IBS from healthy control patients [1]. Two trials reported a 10%–14% incidence of mucosal breaks observed via CE in healthy controls, whereas another two trials detected normal mucosa in control patients [8-11]. On the other hand, there are some suggestions that organic gastrointestinal disorders (inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, or infectious diarrhea) can be identified in subsets of patients who fulfill Rome IV criteria for IBS [12].
Although IBS diagnoses were based on Rome III criteria in this study due to the time frame of patients’ enrollment, currently available Rome IV criteria had a comparable sensitivity and specificity to that reported for Rome III [3].
CE has become an important method in the diagnosis of small bowel pathologies [13], including occult gastrointestinal bleeding, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, inherited polyposis syndromes, and small bowel tumors [13-18].
Chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain are indications for CE. Current data suggest that CE should not be the first-line diagnostic test [19,20]. Song et al., demonstrated the positive diagnostic yield of CE (42.9%) in patients with chronic diarrhea, in whom the final diagnosis changed in 31.4% of patients, with Crohn’s disease being the most common finding [21]. In a systematic review of CE and unexplained chronic abdominal pain, a limited diagnostic yield of 20.9% was described. Inflammatory lesions were the most common bowel pathologies identified by CE (78.3%); however, increased heterogeneity between studies was found [22].
CE should be used when an organic disease is suspected or in the presence of alarm features. In patients with abdominal pain associated with weight loss, fever, anemia, positive stool guaiac test, or signs of inflammation, the possibility of detecting findings on CE increases from 18% to 41.7% [22,23].
Ohlsson et al., demonstrated that in 26% of patients with IBS-small bowel pathologies, findings can be observed when using CE [12]. However, they did not identify macroscopic abnormalities that could explain the symptoms in the majority of patients with IBS and concluded that routine use of CE in patients with IBS should not be recommended. Furthermore, they considered that a subgroup of patients initially classified with IBS with persistently severe or aggravating symptoms should undergo further investigation with CE [12]. Kalla et al., evaluated patients with D-IBS using CE and identified evidence of subtle mucosal changes in 30% of patients [24].
The present study revealed that 54.5% and 32.5% of cases unresponsive to medical treatment in groups A and B, respectively, exhibited clinically relevant pathological findings on CE.
In the present cohort, CE had an important clinical impact in 26 cases (40%), changing the clinical management of these patients.
There were some limitations in the present study. Namely, it was a retrospective, non-randomized, single-center study with no controls. Additionally, all CE images were evaluated by one expert.
In conclusion, CE had a favorable diagnostic yield and clinical impact on the management of patients with D-IBS and functional abdominal pain unresponsive to medical treatment. Routine use of CE in IBS patients should not be recommended. However, in patients with a lack of response to appropriate medical treatment, CE may identify abnormalities, thereby improving medical management.
Fig. 1.
Flowchart describing the process of population selection. NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent; D-IBS, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
ce-2018-055f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Capsule endoscopy (CE) findings. (A) Ascariasis found in the small intestine in a patient with persistent abdominal pain, (B) ulcer identified by CE in the terminal ileum. Crohn’s disease was confirmed by histopathology of an enteroscopic sample, (C) sub-mucosal tumor in the upper jejunum, (D) villous atrophy detected by CE in jejunum.
ce-2018-055f2.jpg
Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics
Group A (D-IBS) Group B (Functional abdominal pain) Total
No. of patients (%) 22 (33.9%) 43 (66.1%) 65
Sex, n (%)
 Female 9 (41%) 26 (60%) 35 (53.8%)
 Male 13 (59%) 17 (40%) 30 (46.2%)
Mean age, yr (SD) 53.3 (16.9) 49.6 (15.5) 50.9 (15.9)
Fecal calprotectin levels (mg/kg of stool) 25.3 18.2 21.7

D-IBS, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2.
Lesions Detected via Capsule Endoscopy
Group A (D-IBS)
 Group B (Functional abdominal pain)
Female Male Total, n/22 (%) Female Male Total, n/43 (%)
Villous atrophy 2 2 4/22 (18.2%) 4 2 6/43 (13.9%)
Crohn’s Disease related ulcer 1 7 8/22 (36.4%) 1 2 3/43 (6.9%)
Ascariasis 1 - 1/43 (2.3%)
Gastroparesis 1 2 3/43 (6.9%)
Submucosal Tumor - 1 1/43 (2.3%)
Erythema 1 1 2/43 (4.6%)
Normal mucosa 6 4 10/22 (45.4%) 18 9 27/43 (62.8%)
Clinical impact 12/22 (54.6%) 14/43 (32.5%)

D-IBS, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

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      Capsule Endoscopy in Refractory Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Abdominal Pain
      Clin Endosc. 2018;51(6):570-575.   Published online November 16, 2018
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.055
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    Capsule Endoscopy in Refractory Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Abdominal Pain
    Image Image
    Fig. 1. Flowchart describing the process of population selection. NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent; D-IBS, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
    Fig. 2. Capsule endoscopy (CE) findings. (A) Ascariasis found in the small intestine in a patient with persistent abdominal pain, (B) ulcer identified by CE in the terminal ileum. Crohn’s disease was confirmed by histopathology of an enteroscopic sample, (C) sub-mucosal tumor in the upper jejunum, (D) villous atrophy detected by CE in jejunum.

    Fig. 1.

    Fig. 2.

    Capsule Endoscopy in Refractory Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Abdominal Pain
    Group A (D-IBS) Group B (Functional abdominal pain) Total
    No. of patients (%) 22 (33.9%) 43 (66.1%) 65
    Sex, n (%)
     Female 9 (41%) 26 (60%) 35 (53.8%)
     Male 13 (59%) 17 (40%) 30 (46.2%)
    Mean age, yr (SD) 53.3 (16.9) 49.6 (15.5) 50.9 (15.9)
    Fecal calprotectin levels (mg/kg of stool) 25.3 18.2 21.7
    Group A (D-IBS)
    		 Group B (Functional abdominal pain)
    Female Male Total, n/22 (%) Female Male Total, n/43 (%)
    Villous atrophy 2 2 4/22 (18.2%) 4 2 6/43 (13.9%)
    Crohn’s Disease related ulcer 1 7 8/22 (36.4%) 1 2 3/43 (6.9%)
    Ascariasis 1 - 1/43 (2.3%)
    Gastroparesis 1 2 3/43 (6.9%)
    Submucosal Tumor - 1 1/43 (2.3%)
    Erythema 1 1 2/43 (4.6%)
    Normal mucosa 6 4 10/22 (45.4%) 18 9 27/43 (62.8%)
    Clinical impact 12/22 (54.6%) 14/43 (32.5%)
    Table 1. Demographic Characteristics

    D-IBS, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome; SD, standard deviation.

    Table 2. Lesions Detected via Capsule Endoscopy

    D-IBS, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

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