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HOME > Clin Endosc > Volume 53(2); 2020 > Article
Commentary Intraductal Ultrasonography Can Enhance the Success of Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis
Clement Chun Ho Wu1,2orcid, Christopher Jen Lock Khor1,2,orcid
Clinical Endoscopy 2020;53(2):114-116.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.051
Published online: March 30, 2020

1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

2Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore

Correspondence: Christopher Jen Lock Khor Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore Tel: +65-9636-4349, Fax: +65-6227-3623, E-mail: chriskhor@yahoo.com
• Received: February 17, 2020   • Revised: March 14, 2020   • Accepted: March 15, 2020

Copyright © 2020 Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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See the article "A New Technique of Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage Combined with Intraductal Ultrasonography for the Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis " on page 221.
See “A New Technique of Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage Combined with Intraductal Ultrasonography for the Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis” by Ryota Sagami, Kenji Hayasaka, Tetsuro Ujihara, et al., on page [Related article:] 221-229.
Acute cholecystitis is a common clinical condition that may present with a severity spectrum ranging from mild to severe life-threatening disease. Treatment is initiated with intravenous fluids, antibiotics and analgesia, followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed either early or after an 8-week interval. Cholecystectomy represents definitive therapy but is not appropriate for patients who are unfit for surgery. Approximately 20% will develop more severe disease and fail to respond to medical therapy [1], and these individuals will require non-surgical gallbladder drainage (GBD). A detailed review of the current non-surgical options for acute cholecystitis management appears in a recent issue of this journal [2]. The choice of drainage technique will often depend on whether drainage is performed as a bridge to surgery (in patients expected to regain surgical fitness) or as definitive therapy in individuals with irreversible severe comorbidities. Other factors affecting the choice of drainage modality include patient factors, the presence of stones, local operator experience, and availability of equipment. Percutaneous transhepatic GBD (PTGBD) is well established, widely available, and technically easy to perform. However, the procedure has some limitations (Table 1) and an overall complication rate of 12%–25% [3]. In addition, long-term placement of an indwelling percutaneous cholecystostomy tube is associated with poor quality of life [3]. The advent of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) has made transmural endoscopic ultrasound-guided GBD (EUS-GBD) a compelling alternative to PTGBD. EUS-GBD is associated with a comparable overall complication rate of 9.9% [4], but is relatively contraindicated in patients with coagulopathy [5]. EUS-GBD confers the unique advantage of enabling stone removal via the lumen of the LAMS. Saumoy et al. examined the widely held concern that cholecystoduodenal or cholecystogastric fistulae created via EUS-GBD would make interval cholecystectomy more difficult to perform [6]. They found no difference in the rate of successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy following EUS-GBD vs. PTGBD, although the numbers were small.
Endoscopic transpapillary GBD (ETGBD), first described by Kozarek in 1984 [7], is another alternative to PTGBD, especially in patients with ascites or coagulopathy. Its adverse effect profile (Table 1) is favorable, and it does not pose an anatomical challenge to interval cholecystectomy. The technique involves the placement of a stent or nasocystic drain across the major papilla. However, cannulation of the cystic duct during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can be challenging due to factors such as the inability to locate the cystic duct origin at cholangiography, the presence of cystic duct stenoses or impacted stones within the gallbladder neck precluding catheter advancement, and tortuous valves of Heister [5]. Moreover, cholecystitis may worsen in the event that cystic duct cannulation is unsuccessful after contrast injection in the gallbladder. As such, ETGBD is often limited to expert tertiary centers.
ETGBD may be assisted by intraductal ultrasonography or cholangioscopy. Cholangioscopy enables direct visualization of the cystic duct orifice and wire cannulation to facilitate deployment of a stent draining the gallbladder across the major papilla. Biliary intraductal ultrasound (IDUS) was first described in 1992 by Yasuda et al. [8] for the characterization of indeterminate biliary strictures. Hayasaka et al. described its use for cystic duct localization and cannulation in 2017 [9]. In the study by Sagami et al. published in this issue of Clinical Endoscopy, the authors from the same institution proceeded to examine if IDUS improved ETGBD outcomes in a retrospective single-center study involving 100 patients with acute cholecystitis, employing propensity score matching of key parameters [10]. The technical success rate of ETGBD (defined as successful placement of the drainage catheter in the gallbladder) was significantly higher in the IDUS group compared to that in the non-IDUS group (92% vs. 76%, p=0.044). The addition of IDUS did not result in a significant difference in procedure length between the IDUS and non-IDUS groups (74.0 min vs. 66.7 min, p=0.310). The use of IDUS was associated with more complications (6%) than in the non-IDUS group (0%) (p<0.001), but the complications were mild and resolved with conservative treatment. Overall, ETGBD was unsuccessful in 20% of the patients. There were no differences in clinical outcomes between patients in the IDUS and non-IDUS groups.
Sagami et al. also describe in their paper a classification of anatomical variations of the cystic duct, subdivided by position with reference to the portal vein, by distance between the hepatic hilum and ampulla, and by the angle of cystic duct takeoff from its orifice [10]. The authors examined the relationship between cystic duct anatomical characteristics and technical success of gallbladder stent placement. They proposed that this information may help in educating trainee endoscopists and for future research into the optimal choice of accessories for cannulation based on the anatomical subtype of the cystic duct.
Sagami et al. are to be congratulated for a well-executed study which demonstrated that the addition of IDUS can increase the technical success rate of ETGBD [10]. They have also added to the body of knowledge by classifying the variations in cystic duct anatomy, which may guide further refinement in the technique. ETGBD has key utility for GBD in acutely ill individuals who are unfit for surgery; who also have bleeding diathesis, severe liver disease, or refractory ascites; and for whom other methods of GBD are potentially unsafe. In patients with concomitant choledocholithiasis, common bile duct stent placement may be performed via the same procedure. As with all transpapillary procedures, the risk of pancreatitis must be considered, although in this study, only mild pancreatitis was observed with a low incidence. ETGBD, however, remains a technically difficult procedure (by the admission of the authors), and therefore, its availability is likely to be confined to expert tertiary centers. The median procedure duration reported (IDUS 74.0 min, non-IDUS 66.7 min, p=0.310) conveys the difficulty inherent in many of these cases. We now see meta-analyses of comparisons between EUSGBD, ETGBD, and PTGBD for GBD in patients with high surgical risk, with superior outcomes in favor of EUS-GBD [11], which we expect will drive greater adoption of this procedure. There is, however, a clearly defined patient demographic, as described earlier, for whom ETGBD may be a suitable option.
ETGBD may represent the most appropriate option for acute GBD in certain ill individuals; this study by Sagami et al. showed that IDUS guidance increases the technical success of this potentially challenging procedure [10]. Endoscopists who perform ETGBD may wish to look into the utility of IDUS guidance in their own practice.
Table 1.
Characteristics of Percutaneous Transhepatic Gallbladder Drainage, Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Gallbladder Drainage, and Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage
PTGBD EUS-GBD ETGBD
Limitations Patients with [3]: Patients with [5]: Technical difficulty of cystic duct cannulation [5]
· Massive ascites · Bleeding diathesis
· Anatomically inaccessible gallbladder
· Bleeding diathesis
· Risk of self-removal of cholecystostomy tube
Complications · Bleeding/ Hematoma · Bleeding · Bleeding
· Biliary peritonitis · Infection · Cystic duct perforation
· Pneumothorax [3] · Biliary peritonitis · Pancreatitis [10]
· Abdominal pain [4]
Overall complication rate 12%–25% [3] 9.9%–18.2% [4] 0%–17.2% [10]
Interval cholecystectomy Feasible Potentially more difficult [6] Feasible
Technical difficulty Easy Moderate difficulty Very difficult, expert centers only

ETGBD, endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage; EUS-GBD, endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage; PTGBD, percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage.

  • 1. Pham TH, Hunter JG. Gallbladder and the extrahepatic biliary system. In: Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, editors. Schwartz’s principles of surgery. 10th ed. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 2015. p. 253–259.
  • 2. Rerknimitr R, Pham KC. Practical approaches for high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis: the percutaneous approach versus endoscopic alternatives. Clin Endosc 2020 Jan 9 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.186ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 3. Chopra S, Dodd GD 3rd, Mumbower AL, et al. Treatment of acute cholecystitis in non-critically ill patients at high surgical risk: comparison of clinical outcomes after gallbladder aspiration and after percutaneous cholecystostomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:1025–1031.ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Anderloni A, Buda A, Vieceli F, Khashab MA, Hassan C, Repici A. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural stenting for gallbladder drainage in high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Surg Endosc 2016;30:5200–5208.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 5. Itoi T, Kawakami H, Katanuma A, et al. Endoscopic nasogallbladder tube or stent placement in acute cholecystitis: a preliminary prospective randomized trial in Japan (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:111–118.ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Saumoy M, Tyberg A, Brown E, et al. Successful cholecystectomy after endoscopic ultrasound gallbladder drainage compared with percutaneous cholecystostomy, can it be done? J Clin Gastroenterol 2019;53:231–235.ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Kozarek RA. Selective cannulation of the cystic duct at time of ERCP. J Clin Gastroenterol 1984;6:37–40.PubMed
  • 8. Yasuda K, Mukai H, Nakajima M, Kawai K. Clinical application of ultrasonic probes in the biliary and pancreatic duct. Endoscopy 1992;24(Suppl 1):370–375.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 9. Hayasaka K, Harada H, Shimizu T, Suehiro S, Katsuyama Y. The effectiveness of intraductal ultrasonography for cystic duct cannulation. Gastrointest Endosc 2017;85:1307–1308.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Sagami R, Hayasaka K, Ujihara T, et al. A new technique of endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage combined with intraductal ultrasonography for the treatment of acute cholecystitis. Clin Endosc 2020;53:221–229.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 11. Mohan BP, Khan SR, Trakroo S, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage, transpapillary drainage, or percutaneous drainage in high risk acute cholecystitis patients: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2020;52:96–106.ArticlePubMedPDF

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        Intraductal Ultrasonography Can Enhance the Success of Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis
        Clin Endosc. 2020;53(2):114-116.   Published online March 30, 2020
        DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.051
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      Intraductal Ultrasonography Can Enhance the Success of Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis
      Intraductal Ultrasonography Can Enhance the Success of Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis
      PTGBD EUS-GBD ETGBD
      Limitations Patients with [3]: Patients with [5]: Technical difficulty of cystic duct cannulation [5]
      · Massive ascites · Bleeding diathesis
      · Anatomically inaccessible gallbladder
      · Bleeding diathesis
      · Risk of self-removal of cholecystostomy tube
      Complications · Bleeding/ Hematoma · Bleeding · Bleeding
      · Biliary peritonitis · Infection · Cystic duct perforation
      · Pneumothorax [3] · Biliary peritonitis · Pancreatitis [10]
      · Abdominal pain [4]
      Overall complication rate 12%–25% [3] 9.9%–18.2% [4] 0%–17.2% [10]
      Interval cholecystectomy Feasible Potentially more difficult [6] Feasible
      Technical difficulty Easy Moderate difficulty Very difficult, expert centers only
      Table 1. Characteristics of Percutaneous Transhepatic Gallbladder Drainage, Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Gallbladder Drainage, and Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage

      ETGBD, endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage; EUS-GBD, endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage; PTGBD, percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage.

      Table 1.

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