Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Clin Endosc : Clinical Endoscopy

Search
Advanced Search
OPEN ACCESS
mobile search button mobile menu button

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Clin Endosc > Volume 56(2); 2023 > Article
Original Article Respiratory complications during recovery from gastrointestinal endoscopies performed by gastroenterologists under moderate sedation
Inna Eidelman Pozin1,orcid, Amir Zabida1orcid, Moshe Nadler2,3orcid, Guy Zahavi1orcid, Dina Orkin1,2orcid, Haim Berkenstadt1,2orcid
Clinical Endoscopy 2023;56(2):188-193.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.033
Published online: January 10, 2023

1Department of Anesthesiology, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel

2Gastroenterology Institute, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel

3Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Correspondence: Inna Eidelman Pozin Department of Anesthesiology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel E-mail: Inna.pozin1@gmail.com
• Received: December 22, 2021   • Revised: April 16, 2022   • Accepted: April 18, 2022

Copyright © 2023 Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 2,257 Views
  • 199 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
  • 1 Scopus
prev next
Full Article

Download PDF Download PDF

  • Background/Aims
    Data on the incidence of adverse respiratory events during recovery from gastrointestinal endoscopy are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of these complications.
  • Methods
    In this retrospective cohort study, data were obtained from the electronic records of 657 consecutive patients, who underwent gastroenterological procedures under sedation.
  • Results
    Pulse oximetry oxygen saturation (SpO2) <90% for <60 seconds occurred in 82 patients (12.5%), and in 11 patients (1.7%), SpO2 of <90% for >60 seconds occurred in 79 patients (12.0%) and in 14 patients (2.1%), and SpO2 <75% occurred in four patients (0.6%) and in no patients during the procedure and recovery period, respectively. No major complications were noted. The occurrence of desaturation during recovery was correlated with desaturation during the procedure (p<0.001). Higher American Society of Anesthesiologists score (odds ratio [OR], 1.867; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.008–3.458), ischemic heart disease (OR, 1.815; 95% CI, 0.649–5.080), hypertension (OR, 1.289; 95% CI, 0.472–3.516), and diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.406; 95% CI, 0.950–6.095) increased the occurrence of desaturation during recovery.
  • Conclusions
    We found no major complications during recovery after balanced propofol-based sedation administered by a gastroenterologist-nurse team. Patients with the identified risk predictors must be monitored carefully.
  • Keywords: Conscious sedation; Gastroenterologists; Gastrointestinal endoscopy; Hypoxia; Recovery room
Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopies provides improved patient tolerance to the procedures by relieving anxiety, discomfort, and pain.1 Sedation may also provide improved conditions to the endoscopist and improve the quality of the examination.2 Hypoxia is the most common sedation-related adverse event during endoscopy, and its causes include respiratory depression, airway obstruction, and decreased compliance of the chest wall. The incidence of hypoxemia during gastrointestinal endoscopy has been reported to be in the range of 1.5% to 70%, depending largely on differences in definitions and the types of practitioners.3-9
The incidence of respiratory complications in the immediate post-anesthesia period in patients undergoing surgery is high and well documented.10,11 The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) recommends that patients in the immediate period after moderate sedation be observed and monitored until they are near their baseline level of consciousness and are no longer at increased risk for cardiorespiratory depression.12 Similar but less detailed guidelines were defined by the American Society of Gastroenterologists.13 However, there are only limited data on the incidence of respiratory complications during the post-procedure period in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy under sedation. One study found that half of hypoxemia cases occurred during the recovery period after the completion of esophagogastroscopy,14 but no other data are available.
The aim of this preliminary study was to assess the incidence of respiratory complications and their risk factors during the recovery period following gastrointestinal endoscopy under sedation performed by gastroenterologists. We assumed that because endoscopies are less invasive than surgical procedures performed under sedation and not under general anesthesia, the incidence of complications will be lower than that in the postoperative period. The study also explored the incidence of respiratory complications leading to emergency room or ambulatory visits in the three-day period following gastrointestinal endoscopy.
In this retrospective study, data were collected from 657 patients undergoing gastroscopy and/or colonoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The procedure and sedation were performed by a team of gastroenterologists and nurses, respectively. According to institutional protocol, sedation was initiated with intravenous administration of midazolam (1–2 mg), fentanyl (50 µg), and/or propofol (30–50 mg). Propofol was administered in boluses, as needed, during the procedure. Monitoring during the procedure included blood pressure measurement before the beginning of the procedure, and then at five-minute intervals. Heart rate and pulse oximetry oxygen saturation (SpO2) were continuously monitored and automatically recorded throughout the procedure. Capnography was not used for monitoring. At the end of the procedure, the patients were admitted to the post-procedure recovery area for one-hour observation. During the post-procedure recovery period, patients were continuously monitored for heart rate, SpO2, and blood pressure at five-minute intervals for the first 30 minutes. Ambulatory patients were discharged after becoming fully awake and able to drink and eat a light meal, and vital signs were similar to baseline values. Patients were instructed to contact the gastroenterology department if they experienced abdominal pain, chest pain, fever, black stool, persistent vomiting, or difficulty breathing. Hospitalized patients were discharged after being fully awake, and their vital signs were similar to baseline values.
Data on patient demographics, procedures, and sedation were collected from the patients' electronic records. Demographic data included age; sex (male/female); body mass index; physical status classification according to the ASA (score 1, 2, or 3); and background diseases (ischemic heart disease [IHD], hypertension [HTN], diabetes mellitus [DM], chronic heart failure, chronic respiratory disease, and obstructive sleep apnea). Data on the procedure included the procedure type and length, and the type and dose of medications administered.
Data on sedation-related respiratory complications were collected from the patients' electronic records. We used the definition of complications suggested by Mason and colleagues, whereby hypoxemia was defined as SpO2 <90% for less than 60 seconds, SpO2 <90% for more than 60 seconds, or SpO2 <75% for any time period.15 Other complications included apnea, airway obstruction, cardiogenic shock, and cardiac arrest, as indicated in the charts by the gastroenterologist and the nurse.
Using patients' electronic medical records, information on emergency department visits or hospital admissions during the three days following the procedure were explored, and their relevance for sedation was defined. Relevant findings were defined as fever >38°C, respiratory complaints (cough and dyspnea), and SpO2 <94%.
Statistical differences were tested using Pearson’s chi-square test. The correlation between the occurrence of desaturation during the procedure and desaturation in the post-anesthesia care unit was tested using Fisher's exact test. Statistical analysis was performed using R ver. 3.4.4 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Ordinal logistic regression was used to calculate both univariate and multivariate p-values and odds ratios (ORs). The multivariate model included age, sex, and any other variables that were identified as significant in the univariate analysis. SAS software ver. 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used for all calculations.
Ethical statements
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sheba medical center (protocol code SMC 5488-18 and date of approval 28 October 2018).
Demographics and procedures
Data (mean±standard deviation) of 657 patients, showed an age of 63±15.3 years, with 360 men and 297 women included. Of the patients, 385 (58.6%) had ASA status 1 to 2 (healthy patients or patients with mild systemic disease), 271 (41.2%) had ASA status 3 (patients with severe systemic disease), and ASA was not specified in one (0.2%) patient. The background demographics and patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Of these patients, 189 (28.8%) underwent gastroscopy, 306 (46.6%) underwent colonoscopy, 110 (16.7%) underwent both gastroscopy and colonoscopy, 35 (5.3%) underwent ERCP, and 17 (2.6%) underwent endoscopic ultrasonography. Other data regarding these procedures are presented in Table 2.
Respiratory complications
During the procedure, SpO2 of <90% for <60 seconds occurred in 82 patients (12.5%), and for >60 seconds in 79 patients (12.0%). SpO2 <75% occurred in four patients (0.6%). No major complications, such as apnea or airway obstruction, occurred, and no patients required bag-mask ventilation or tracheal intubation (Table 3).
During the first 30 minutes of the recovery period, SpO2 of <90% for <60 seconds was observed in 11 patients (1.7%), and for >60 seconds in 14 patients (2.1%). There were no events with SpO2 <75% or any other major complications (Table 3).
There were no major respiratory events, such as apnea or airway obstruction, requiring intervention in the post-anesthesia care unit.
Desaturation in the post-procedure recovery period was more common in inpatients aged >65 years (1.2%–3.9% in patients within this age group vs. 0.7%–1% in younger patients, p=0.045), IHD (3.6% vs. 1%, p=0.011), DM (2%–6% vs. 0.6%-1.7%, p<0.001), and endoscopic ultrasound and ERCP procedure types, compared to that in gastroscopy, colonoscopy, and both examinations combined (5%–11% vs. 1%–2%, p=0.026; Table 4).
Factors increasing the occurrence of desaturation events during the procedure included ASA score (OR, 1.314; 95% CI, 1.024–1.668), pulmonary disease (OR, 1.754; 95% CI, 1.030–2.985), length of procedure (OR, 1.014; 95% CI, 1.002–1.027), and fentanyl use (OR, 1.011; 95% CI, 1.000–1.022; Table 4).
Factors that increased the occurrence of desaturation events during the post-procedure period included ASA score (OR, 1.867; 95% CI, 1.008–3.458), IHD (OR, 1.815; 95% CI, 0.649–5.080), HTN (OR, 1.289; 95% CI, 0.472–3.516), and DM (OR, 2.406; 95% CI, 0.950–6.095; Table 4).
The occurrence of a desaturation event during the procedure was correlated with the subsequent occurrence of desaturation in the post-anesthesia care unit (p<0.001) (Table 5).
Other complications
There were no cardiovascular events that required medical intervention, such as hypotension/HTN, tachy/bradyarrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, or cardiac arrest during the procedure or in the post-procedure recovery period.
Two patients (0.3%) visited the emergency room within the three-day period after the procedure. None of the patients had a fever or respiratory complaints.
Sedation is an important tool for facilitating gastroenterological endoscopic procedures. The definition of procedural sedation, as proposed by the International Committee for the Advancement of Procedural Sedation, is the administration of one or more pharmacological agents to facilitate a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure, while targeting a state during which airway patency, spontaneous respiration, protective airway reflexes, and hemodynamic stability are preserved, while alleviating anxiety and pain.16 There are many definitions of procedural adverse events. We chose to use the adverse event sedation reporting tool, which has standardized the reporting of sedation-related adverse events.15
Previous studies reported hemoglobin desaturation incidences during sedation of 6.7%,17 12.8%,18 and 4.7%.19 In our study, the incidence was 12.5%. However, the definition of hemoglobin oxygen desaturation was not uniform in all reports. In a large international study including 160,000 patients that used the same definitions as in our study, the incidence of desaturation was reported to be only 7.8 per 1,000 procedures.20 The higher incidence in our study may be explained by the fact that in our study, the percentage of ASA 3 patients was high (41%), and the data did not include children. Indeed, an ASA score ≥3 was reported to be a predictor of respiratory complications.15 Notably, ASA score and other parameters such as age, body mass index, background disease, procedure type, or duration, which were previously reported to be risk factors for respiratory adverse events, were not found to be predictors for desaturation in our study, possibly stemming from the higher proportion of non-healthy patients.
In our study, we examined the incidence of respiratory adverse events during the post-procedure recovery period. We found that the incidence of minor respiratory events was low and no major adverse events occurred. The incidence of respiratory adverse events in the post-procedure period in the present study was much lower than that in previous reports in the post-surgical and general anesthesia periods. Although not tested directly in our study, these differences may stem from the particular lower-risk features of upper and lower endoscopies compared with most surgical techniques, namely, the procedures are shorter, use only short-acting fentanyl of the opioid family of drugs, did not use muscle relaxants, and the procedures did not involve surgical incision altering lung mechanics.21,22
In the three-day period after gastrointestinal endoscopy, only two patients visited the emergency room, and both had complaints possibly related to the procedure itself, such as melena, vomiting, and abdominal pain. None of the patients had respiratory complaints or symptoms of pneumonia. Hence, the incidence of long-term complications was low.
Our study has some limitations, including the inclusion of different types of procedures (colonoscopy, gastroscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography, and ERCP). The study was performed in a tertiary hospital with a high percentage of patients with ASA 3 scores, and the number of patients was limited to 657. However, the present data indicate that balanced propofol-based sedation is relatively safe, both in the procedural and post-procedural recovery periods, with only infrequent minor events noted in the post-procedural recovery period.
In summary, we found that pulmonary disease, ASA score, length of procedure, and fentanyl use increased the occurrence of desaturation events during the procedure. The ASA score, the comorbidity of IHD, DM, and HTN, and desaturation during the procedure increased the occurrence of desaturation events during recovery from the procedure.
Notwithstanding, meticulous vital sign tracking should be used, especially in patients with identified predictors of complications, such as coexisting disease and desaturation during the procedure. Further studies are needed to determine whether these events have clinical implications, such as a greater risk of pulmonary aspiration and pneumonia.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics
Characteristic Value
Age (yr) 63.0±15.3
Age (yr)
 <65 296 (45.1)
 65–79 281 (42.8)
 ≥80 80 (12.2)
Male:female 360 (54.8):297 (45.2)
Body mass index (kg/m2) 26.8±5.2
 <30 465 (70.8)
 ≥30 149 (22.7)
 Unspecified 43 (6.5)
ASA physical score
 1 55 (8.4)
 2 330 (50.2)
 3 271 (41.2)
 Unspecified 1 (0.2)
Co-morbidities
 Ischemic heart disease 104 (15.8)
 Hypertension 285 (43.4)
 Diabetes mellitus 173 (26.3)
 Heart failure 30 (4.6)
 Chronic respiratory disease 71 (10.8)
 Obstructive sleep apnea 30 (4.6)

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 2.
Procedures
Value
Exam duration (min)
 All exams (n=657) 25.0±14.2
 <30 min:≥30 min 444 (67.6): 213 (32.4)
 Gastroscopy 16.0±9.2
 Colonoscopy 26.0±13.3
 Endoscopic ultrasound 40.0±20.5
 ERCP 33.0±14.8
 Gastroscopy+colonoscopy 33.0±13.7
Medications used
 Midazolam (mg) 2.0±0.8
 Fentanyl administered (50 µg):not administered 507 (77.2): 150 (22.8)
 Propofol dose (mg) 84.0±64.3
 Propofol >50 mg 401 (61.0)

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Table 3.
Respiratory complications
During the procedure During post-procedure recovery period
SpO2 <90%, <60 sec 82 (12.5) 11 (1.7)
SpO2 <90%, >60 sec 79 (12.0) 14 (2.1)
SpO2 <75% 4 (0.6) 0 (0)
Apnea 0 (0) 0 (0)
Airway obstruction 0 (0) 0 (0)

Values are presented as number (%).

SpO2, pulse oximetry oxygen saturation.

Table 4.
Risk factors associated with desaturation during the procedure and the post-procedure recovery period: multivariate analysis and univariate analysis
Risk factor Multivariate analysis
 Univariate analysis
Pr OR (95% CI) p-value
During the procedure
 Sex (male vs. female) 0.171 0.778 (0.543–1.115) 0.295
 Age 0.511 1.004 (0.992–1.016) 0.200
 ASA score 0.032 1.314 (1.024–1.688) 0.027
 Pulmonary disease 0.038 1.754 (1.030–2.985) 0.026
 Length of procedure 0.024 1.014 (1.002–1.027) 0.008
 Fentanyl 0.044 1.011 (1.000–1.022) 0.057
During the post-procedure recovery period
 Sex (male vs. female) 0.113 0.494 (0.206–1.183) 0.480
 Age 0.760 1.005 (0.971–1.040) 0.102
 ASA score 0.047 1.867 (1.008–3.458) 0.002
 Ischemic heart disease 0.256 1.815 (0.649–5.080) 0.006
 Hypertension 0.627 1.289 (0.472–3.516) 0.037
 Diabetes mellitus 0.064 2.406 (0.950–6.095) 0.001

Pr, probability; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 5.
Desaturation during the procedure and in the post-procedure recovery period
During post-procedure recovery
Number SpO2 < 90%, <60 sec SpO2 <90%, >60 sec SpO2 <75% Total
During the exam
 No 483 (98.2) 6 (1.2) 3 (0.6) 0 (0) 492 (100)
 SpO2 <90%, <60 sec 78 (95.1) 2 (2.4) 2 (2.4) 0 (0) 82 (100)
 SpO2 <90%, >60 sec 68 (86.1) 3 (3.8) 8 (10.1) 0 (0) 79 (100)
 SpO2 <75% 3 (75.0) 0 (0) 1 (25.0) 0 (0) 4 (100)

Values are presented as number (%).

SpO2, pulse oximetry oxygen saturation.

  • 1. Igea F, Casellas JA, González-Huix F, et al. Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy 2014;46:720–731.ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Kochhar GS, Gill A, Vargo JJ. On the horizon: the future of procedural sedation. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2016;26:577–592.ArticlePubMed
  • 3. Vargo JJ, Holub JL, Faigel DO, et al. Risk factors for cardiopulmonary events during propofol-mediated upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:955–963.ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Block R, Jankowski J, Johnston D, et al. The administration of supplementary oxygen to prevent hypoxia during upper alimentary endoscopy. Endoscopy 1993;25:269–273.ArticlePubMed
  • 5. Griffin SM, Chung SC, Leung JW, et al. Effect of intranasal oxygen on hypoxia and tachycardia during endoscopic cholangiopancreatography. BMJ 1990;300:83–84.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 6. Rostykus PS, McDonald GB, Albert RK. Upper intestinal endoscopy induces hypoxemia in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease. Gastroenterology 1980;78:488–491.ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Qadeer MA, Vargo JJ, Dumot JA, et al. Capnographic monitoring of respiratory activity improves safety of sedation for endoscopic cholangiopancreatography and ultrasonography. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1568–1576.ArticlePubMed
  • 8. Woods SD, Chung SC, Leung JW, et al. Hypoxia and tachycardia during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: detection by pulse oximetry. Gastrointest Endosc 1989;35:523–525.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Sharma VK, Nguyen CC, Crowell MD, et al. A national study of cardiopulmonary unplanned events after GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;66:27–34.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Kellner DB, Urman RD, Greenberg P, et al. Analysis of adverse outcomes in the post-anesthesia care unit based on anesthesia liability data. J Clin Anesth 2018;50:48–56.ArticlePubMed
  • 11. Daley MD, Norman PH, Colmenares ME, et al. Hypoxaemia in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit. Can J Anaesth 1991;38:740–746.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 12. Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology 2018;128:437–479.ArticlePubMed
  • 13. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Early DS, Lightdale JR, et al. Guidelines for sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2018;87:327–337.ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Shirota Y, Hirase Y, Suda T, et al. More than half of hypoxemia cases occurred during the recovery period after completion of esophagogastroduodenoscopy with planned moderate sedation. Sci Rep 2020;10:4312.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 15. Mason KP, Green SM, Piacevoli Q, et al. Adverse event reporting tool to standardize the reporting and tracking of adverse events during procedural sedation: a consensus document from the World SIVA International Sedation Task Force. Br J Anaesth 2012;108:13–20.ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Green SM, Irwin MG, Mason KP, et al. Procedural sedation: providing the missing definition. Anaesthesia 2021;76:598–601.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 17. Tohda G, Higashi S, Wakahara S, et al. Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: safe and effective administration by registered nurses supervised by endoscopists. Endoscopy 2006;38:360–367.ArticlePubMed
  • 18. Coté GA, Hovis RM, Ansstas MA, et al. Incidence of sedation-related complications with propofol use during advanced endoscopic procedures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:137–142.ArticlePubMed
  • 19. Slagelse C, Vilmann P, Hornslet P, et al. Nurse-administered propofol sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: first Nordic results from implementation of a structured training program. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011;46:1503–1509.ArticlePubMed
  • 20. Mason KP, Roback MG, Chrisp D, et al. Results from the adverse event sedation reporting tool: a global anthology of 7952 records derived from >160,000 procedural sedation encounters. J Clin Med 2019;8:2087.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 21. Karcz M, Papadakos PJ. Respiratory complications in the postanesthesia care unit: a review of pathophysiological mechanisms. Can J Respir Ther 2013;49:21–29.PubMedPMC
  • 22. Rose DK, Cohen MM, Wigglesworth DF, et al. Critical respiratory events in the postanesthesia care unit. Patient, surgical, and anesthetic factors. Anesthesiology 1994;81:410–418.ArticlePubMed

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Development of a predictive model for hypoxia due to sedatives in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective clinical study in Korea
      Jung Wan Choe, Jong Jin Hyun, Seong-Jin Son, Seung-Hak Lee
      Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(4): 476.     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • ePub LinkePub Link
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy Download
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.
      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Respiratory complications during recovery from gastrointestinal endoscopies performed by gastroenterologists under moderate sedation
      Clin Endosc. 2023;56(2):188-193.   Published online January 10, 2023
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.033
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Respiratory complications during recovery from gastrointestinal endoscopies performed by gastroenterologists under moderate sedation
    Respiratory complications during recovery from gastrointestinal endoscopies performed by gastroenterologists under moderate sedation
    Characteristic Value
    Age (yr) 63.0±15.3
    Age (yr)
     <65 296 (45.1)
     65–79 281 (42.8)
     ≥80 80 (12.2)
    Male:female 360 (54.8):297 (45.2)
    Body mass index (kg/m2) 26.8±5.2
     <30 465 (70.8)
     ≥30 149 (22.7)
     Unspecified 43 (6.5)
    ASA physical score
     1 55 (8.4)
     2 330 (50.2)
     3 271 (41.2)
     Unspecified 1 (0.2)
    Co-morbidities
     Ischemic heart disease 104 (15.8)
     Hypertension 285 (43.4)
     Diabetes mellitus 173 (26.3)
     Heart failure 30 (4.6)
     Chronic respiratory disease 71 (10.8)
     Obstructive sleep apnea 30 (4.6)
    Value
    Exam duration (min)
     All exams (n=657) 25.0±14.2
     <30 min:≥30 min 444 (67.6): 213 (32.4)
     Gastroscopy 16.0±9.2
     Colonoscopy 26.0±13.3
     Endoscopic ultrasound 40.0±20.5
     ERCP 33.0±14.8
     Gastroscopy+colonoscopy 33.0±13.7
    Medications used
     Midazolam (mg) 2.0±0.8
     Fentanyl administered (50 µg):not administered 507 (77.2): 150 (22.8)
     Propofol dose (mg) 84.0±64.3
     Propofol >50 mg 401 (61.0)
    During the procedure During post-procedure recovery period
    SpO2 <90%, <60 sec 82 (12.5) 11 (1.7)
    SpO2 <90%, >60 sec 79 (12.0) 14 (2.1)
    SpO2 <75% 4 (0.6) 0 (0)
    Apnea 0 (0) 0 (0)
    Airway obstruction 0 (0) 0 (0)
    Risk factor Multivariate analysis
    		 Univariate analysis
    Pr OR (95% CI) p-value
    During the procedure
     Sex (male vs. female) 0.171 0.778 (0.543–1.115) 0.295
     Age 0.511 1.004 (0.992–1.016) 0.200
     ASA score 0.032 1.314 (1.024–1.688) 0.027
     Pulmonary disease 0.038 1.754 (1.030–2.985) 0.026
     Length of procedure 0.024 1.014 (1.002–1.027) 0.008
     Fentanyl 0.044 1.011 (1.000–1.022) 0.057
    During the post-procedure recovery period
     Sex (male vs. female) 0.113 0.494 (0.206–1.183) 0.480
     Age 0.760 1.005 (0.971–1.040) 0.102
     ASA score 0.047 1.867 (1.008–3.458) 0.002
     Ischemic heart disease 0.256 1.815 (0.649–5.080) 0.006
     Hypertension 0.627 1.289 (0.472–3.516) 0.037
     Diabetes mellitus 0.064 2.406 (0.950–6.095) 0.001
    During post-procedure recovery
    Number SpO2 < 90%, <60 sec SpO2 <90%, >60 sec SpO2 <75% Total
    During the exam
     No 483 (98.2) 6 (1.2) 3 (0.6) 0 (0) 492 (100)
     SpO2 <90%, <60 sec 78 (95.1) 2 (2.4) 2 (2.4) 0 (0) 82 (100)
     SpO2 <90%, >60 sec 68 (86.1) 3 (3.8) 8 (10.1) 0 (0) 79 (100)
     SpO2 <75% 3 (75.0) 0 (0) 1 (25.0) 0 (0) 4 (100)
    Table 1. Patient characteristics

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

    ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

    Table 2. Procedures

    Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

    ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

    Table 3. Respiratory complications

    Values are presented as number (%).

    SpO2, pulse oximetry oxygen saturation.

    Table 4. Risk factors associated with desaturation during the procedure and the post-procedure recovery period: multivariate analysis and univariate analysis

    Pr, probability; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

    Table 5. Desaturation during the procedure and in the post-procedure recovery period

    Values are presented as number (%).

    SpO2, pulse oximetry oxygen saturation.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Table 5.

    Clin Endosc : Clinical Endoscopy Twitter Facebook
    © Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
    Close layer
    TOP