Is simply covering the patient's mouth with a surgical mask during transnasal endoscopy sufficient as an anti-COVID-19 measure?

Yohei Nose; Tomo Ishida; Tomoki Makino; Tsuyoshi Takahashi; Yukinori Kurokawa; Hidetoshi Eguchi; Yuichiro Doki; Kiyokazu Nakajima

doi:10.5946/ce.2022.199

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Brief Report Is simply covering the patient's mouth with a surgical mask during transnasal endoscopy sufficient as an anti-COVID-19 measure?: Yohei Nose^1,2, Tomo Ishida^1,2, Tomoki Makino², Tsuyoshi Takahashi^1,2, Yukinori Kurokawa², Hidetoshi Eguchi², Yuichiro Doki², Kiyokazu Nakajima^1,2,; Clinical Endoscopy 2023;56(3):381-383.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.199
Published online: April 21, 2023

¹Department of Next Generation Endoscopic Intervention (Project ENGINE), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

²Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

Correspondence: Kiyokazu Nakajima Department of Next Generation Endoscopic Intervention (Project ENGINE), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suite 0912, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan E-mail: knakajima@gesurg.med.osaka-u.ac.jp

• Received: August 1, 2022 • Revised: August 22, 2022 • Accepted: August 24, 2022

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The transmission risk from infected patients to healthcare workers and/or other patients is a concern during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.¹ Especially when performing digestive endoscopy, it seems inevitable that healthcare workers will be exposed to either respiratory or gastrointestinal fluids from patients.² Therefore, appropriate infection control during digestive endoscopy based on experience is recommended by the World Endoscopy Organization.³ We read with interest the papers reported by Higashimori et al.⁴ and Nadatani et al.⁵ In these studies, nasal insertion of a thin endoscope and covering of the patient's mouth with a surgical mask prevented the spread of aerosol droplets due to coughing during the procedure. We support the studies’ findings and suggest that this simple infection control measure be implemented for all screening endoscopy cases. Conversely, several reports on gas leakage or release of fluid droplets from biopsy valves of full-sized endoscopes during insertion and withdrawal of endoscopic instruments have been published.⁶^,⁷ Gas leakage may be observed even in thin endoscopes. If so, transnasal endoscopy with a surgical mask may be inadequate as an infection control measure, especially when performing procedures requiring instrument traffic, such as biopsies. Therefore, we aimed to visualize the gas leakage from the biopsy valve of the thin endoscope and to prove that simply covering the mouth with a mask is insufficient to prevent COVID-19 infection during endoscopy.

We used System Schlieren (SS100; Kato Koken Co., Ltd.) to visualize the gas leakage in this study. More information on this system can be found on the following website: https://kk-co.jp/products/schlierens.php. System Schlieren is a device that visualizes minute changes in airflow that are invisible to the naked eye by identifying differences in the refractive index of materials. This method is extremely useful for the visualization and evaluation of high-speed phenomena, mainly in the engineering field.⁸^,⁹ The following experiments were conducted with the intra-gastric pressure of an excised swine stomach maintained at 8 mmHg using a carbon dioxide insufflation system (GW-200; Fujifilm). A thin endoscope (EG-6400N; Fujifilm) was advanced into the stomach, and gas leakage from the biopsy valve during insertion and withdrawal of the biopsy forceps was visualized (Fig. 1). In this experiment, the biopsy forceps for the thin endoscope with an outer diameter of 1.8 mm (Radial Jaw 4P; Boston Scientific) was inserted and withdrawn 3 cm every 3 seconds. This procedure was repeated five times.

Gas leakage from the biopsy valve of the thin endoscope was successfully visualized during forceps insertion and withdrawal (Fig. 2, Supplementary Video 1) in all five procedures, indicating that endoscopists and assistants may be exposed to potentially virus-infected aerosols. Even if the patient’s mouth is covered with a surgical mask, gas leakage cannot be prevented if the biopsy valve is airtight. Therefore, endoscopists and assistants must consider this and take further precautions against COVID-19. To optimize precaution, the development of a reinforced, improved, and leak-proof type biopsy valve is a pressing task.

The entire experimental protocol of this study was approved by the institutional animal care and ethical review board (IVTeC Co., Ltd., Animal Welfare Committee). This study was performed according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Video 1. Gas leakage visualization from the biopsy valve of the thin endoscope during endoscopic procedures (https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.199.v001).

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Supplementary materials related to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.199.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no potential conflicts of interest.

Funding

None.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the workers who participated in the study.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: KN; Data curation: YN, TI, KN; Formal analysis: YN, TI, YD, KN; Investigation: YN, TI, KN; Methodology: YN, TI, KN; Project administration: YN, TI, KN; Resources: YN, TI, KN; Supervision: YN, TI, TM, TT, YK, HE, YD, KN; Validation: YN, TI, KN; Visualization: YN, TI, KN; Writing–original draft: YN; Writing–review & editing: all authors.

Fig. 1.

The experimental model. (A) A Leak Cutter (TOP) was connected to a standard endoscopic overtube (#16400; TOP). A thin endoscope was advanced into an excised swine stomach through the overtube. A carbon dioxide insufflation system was connected to the side channel of the Leak Cutter. (B) The gas leakage from the biopsy valve of the thin endoscope during endoscopic procedures was visualized using System Schlieren (SS100; Kato Koken Co., Ltd.), while the intra-gastric pressure of the excised swine stomach was maintained at 8 mmHg.

Fig. 2.

Gas leakage visualization from the biopsy valve of the thin endoscope during endoscopic procedures.

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