1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
2Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Copyright © 2023 Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflicts of Interest
Ronnie Fass is an advisor to Takeda, Medtronic, Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Celexio, Johnson & Johnson, Carnot, Syneos, and a speaker to AstraZeneca, Takeda, Laborie, Eisai, Johnson & Johnson, Medicamenta, Adcock Ingram, Carnot, and Daewoong.
Funding
None.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: all authors; Data curation: DMS, EL; Formal analysis: all authors; Investigation: DMS, EL; Visualization: all authors; Writing–original draft: DMS, EL; Writing–review & editing: all authors.
Diagnostic | Therapeutic |
---|---|
Conventional white-light imaging | Esophageal radiofrequency energy (Stretta procedure) |
High-resolution and high-magnification endoscopy | Transoral incisionless fundoplication |
Dye-based chromoendoscopy | Endoscopic full-thickness plication |
Image-enhanced endoscopy | GERD-X |
Narrow-band imaging | Medigus ultrasonic surgical endostapler |
I-SCAN | OverStitch device |
Flexible spectral imaging color enhancement | Other novel techniques |
Blue laser imaging and linked color imaging | Anti-reflux mucosectomy |
Confocal laser endomicroscopy | Peroral endoscopic cardial constriction |
Endoscopic submucosal dissection | |
Endoscopic band ligation |
Evidence | Endoscopy |
---|---|
Conclusive evidence for pathologic reflux | LA grades C and D esophagitis |
Long-segment Barrett’s esophagus | |
Peptic esophageal stricture | |
Borderline or inconclusive evidence | LA grades A and B esophagitis |
Adjunctive or supportive evidence | Histopathology (score) |
Electron microscopy (dilated intercellular spaces) |
GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.
GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; LA, Los Angeles.