Clinical Endoscopy

Remimazolam, a novel drug, for safe and effective endoscopic sedation: Jae Min Lee, Yehyun Park, Dong Won Ahn, Jun Kyu Lee, Kwang Hyuck Lee; Received February 7, 2024 Accepted May 8, 2024 Published online January 14, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.026 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Remimazolam is a novel benzodiazepine with unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, making it an ideal candidate for sedation during endoscopic procedures. Distinguished by its rapid onset and short duration of action, remimazolam offers a safer and more efficient alternative to traditional sedatives, such as midazolam and propofol, with fewer side effects, such as hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory depression. This article reviews the characteristics of remimazolam and its practical advantages, including ease of use, quick recovery time, and minimal residual sedation, emphasizing its potential to improve patient safety and procedural efficiency in clinical endoscopy settings.

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Post-polypectomy colorectal bleeding: current strategies and the way forward: Nilanga Nishad, Mo Hameed Thoufeeq; Received September 3, 2024 Accepted September 23, 2024 Published online November 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.241 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Post-endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) bleeding, or clinically significant post-EMR bleeding, is influenced by factors such as polyp size, right-sided colonic lesions, laterally spreading tumors, anticoagulant use, and comorbidities like cardiovascular or chronic renal disease. The optimal prophylactic therapy for post-EMR bleeding remains unknown, with no consensus on specific criteria for its application. Moreover, prophylactic measures, including clipping, suturing, and coagulation, have produced mixed results. Selective clipping in high-risk patients is cost-effective, whereas universal clipping is not. Studies and meta-analyses indicate that routine prophylactic clipping does not generally reduce post-polypectomy bleeding but may be beneficial in cases of large proximal lesions. Some studies have revealed that the post-polypectomy bleeding risk after EMR of transverse colonic lesions is lower than that of the ascending colon and caecum, suggesting limited efficacy of clipping in the transverse colon. Cost-effectiveness studies support selective clipping in high-risk groups, and newer static agents such as PuraStat are alternatives; however, their cost-effectiveness is undetermined. Further research is required to establish clear guidelines and refine prophylactic strategies to prevent post-EMR bleeding.

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Endoscopic vacuum therapy for gastrointestinal transmural defects: a literature review: Tan Minh Le, Van Huy Tran, Kyu Sung Chung, Seong Woo Jeon; Received June 10, 2024 Accepted August 14, 2024 Published online November 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.150 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has emerged as a transformative approach for managing gastrointestinal (GI) transmural defects, offering a less invasive and more promising alternative to surgery. Initially developed to address anastomotic leaks after rectal surgery, the application of EVT has expanded to include other locations within the GI tract. This review investigated the principles, indications, procedures, outcomes, challenges, and future perspectives of EVT for the management of GI transmural defects. In conclusion, EVT has demonstrated favorable outcomes in GI defect closure, with reduced complications, shortened hospital stay, and decreased morbidity rates as compared with conventional treatments. Although EVT faces challenges in some specific anatomical locations and in managing severe complications such as major bleeding, ongoing advancements in technology and standardization efforts offer promise for broader indications and better outcomes. Future perspectives include exploring novel EVT devices, refining patient selection criteria and pre-emptive applications, and standardizing procedural protocols.

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Image-enhanced endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal disease: focusing on texture and color enhancement imaging and red dichromatic imaging: Jae Yong Park; Received June 14, 2024 Accepted July 21, 2024 Published online November 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.159 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Endoscopic examination plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract diseases. Despite advancements in endoscopic imaging, the detection of subtle early cancers and premalignant lesions using white-light imaging alone remains challenging. This review discusses two novel image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) techniques–texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) and red dichromatic imaging (RDI)–and their potential applications in UGI diseases. TXI enhances texture, brightness, and color tone, which improves the visibility of mucosal irregularities and facilitates earlier detection of neoplastic lesions. Studies have suggested that TXI enhances the color differences between lesions and the surrounding mucosa and improves the visibility of the lesion. TXI aids in the diagnosis of various UGI diseases, including early gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, premalignant conditions such as atrophic gastritis and Barrett’s esophagus, and duodenal tumors. RDI utilizes specific wavelengths to enhance the visualization of deep blood vessels or bleeding points, aiding in the rapid and accurate identification of bleeding sources during endoscopic procedures. Although promising, TXI and RDI require further large-scale studies across diverse populations to establish their clinical utility, diagnostic performance, and cost-effectiveness before integration into the guidelines. Standardized training is also required for effective utilization. Overall, these IEE techniques has the potential to improve the diagnosis and management of UGI.

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Intragastric botulinum toxin injection for weight loss: current trends, shortcomings and future perspective: Erfan Arabpour, Hadi Golmoradi, Parya Mozafari Komesh Tape, Amir Sadeghi, Mohammad Abdehagh, Pardis Ketabi Moghadam, Mohammad Reza Zali; Received June 8, 2024 Accepted June 27, 2024 Published online November 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.153 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: The administration of botulinum toxin A (BTA) into the gastric wall has emerged as a novel endoscopic bariatric procedure. Although over 20 years have elapsed since the initial human trial of intragastric BTA injection, considerable debate remains surrounding the safety, efficacy, and procedural instructions of this approach. The current literature exhibits discrepancies in the methodologies employed across studies, including differences in the dosage of BTA administered, injection site, number and depth of injections, post-procedural dietary modifications, and follow-up duration. This study reviewed the state-of-the-art use of BTA for weight loss and focused on the clinical evidence of the therapeutic applications of BTA for obesity. Studies with consistent outcome measures and methodologies are necessary to thoroughly assess the potential effects of BTA on weight management.

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Endoscopic biliary drainage for distal bile duct obstruction due to pancreatic cancer: Masahiro Itonaga, Masayuki Kitano; Received November 28, 2023 Accepted March 5, 2024 Published online September 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.294 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Approximately 60% of pancreatic cancers occur in the pancreatic head and may present as obstructive jaundice due to bile duct invasion. Obstructive jaundice often leads to poor general conditions and acute cholangitis, interfering with surgery and chemotherapy and requiring biliary drainage. The first choice of treatment for biliary drainage is the endoscopic transpapillary approach. In unresectable tumors, self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are most commonly used and are classified into uncovered and covered SEMSs. Recently, antireflux metal stents and large- or small-diameter SEMSs have become commercially available, and their usefulness has been reported. Plastic stents are infrequently used in patients with resectable biliary obstruction; however, owing to the recent trend in preoperative chemotherapy, SEMSs are frequently used because of the long time to recurrent biliary obstruction. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is often performed in patients who are not eligible for the transpapillary approach, and favorable outcomes have been reported. Different EUS-BD techniques and specialized stents have been developed and can be safely used in high-volume centers. The indications for EUS-BD are expected to further expand in the future.

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Alteration in gut microbiota after colonoscopy: proposed mechanisms and the role of probiotic interventions: Hyeong Ho Jo, Moon Young Lee, Se Eun Ha, Dong Han Yeom, Yong Sung Kim; Received June 6, 2024 Accepted July 13, 2024 Published online September 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.147 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Colonoscopy, a widely used procedure for diagnosing and treating colonic diseases, induces transient gastrointestinal symptoms and alterations in the gut microbiota. This review comprehensively examines the evidence on alterations in the gut microbiota following colonoscopy and their possible mechanisms. Factors such as rapid colonic evacuation, increased osmolality, and mucus thinning caused by bowel preparation and exposure to oxygen during the procedure contribute to these alterations. Typically, the alterations revert to the baseline within a short time. However, their long-term implications remain unclear, necessitating further investigation. Split-dose bowel preparation and CO2 insufflation during the procedure result in fewer alterations in the gut microbiota. Probiotic administration immediately after colonoscopy shows promise in reducing alterations and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, the widespread use of probiotics remains controversial due to the transient nature of both the symptoms and gut microbial alterations following a colonoscopy. Probiotics may offer greater benefits to individuals with preexisting gastrointestinal symptoms. Thus, probiotic administration may be a viable option for selected patients.

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Efficacy of Fecal Microbial Transplantation for Improving Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome - A Pilot Study for Voluntary Participants in Korea
Jung Won Lee, Nayoung Kim
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 84(4): 168. CrossRef

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Role of endoscopy in eosinophilic esophagitis: Eun-Jin Yang, Kee Wook Jung; Received January 26, 2024 Accepted April 4, 2024 Published online July 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.023 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated disease involving inflammation of the esophagus. Endoscopy is essential in the diagnosis and treatment of EoE and shows typical findings, including esophageal edema, rings, exudates, furrows, and stenosis. However, studies involving pediatric and adult patients with EoE suggest that even a normally appearing esophagus can be diagnosed as EoE by endoscopic biopsy. Therefore, in patients with suspected EoE, biopsy samples should be obtained from the esophagus regardless of endoscopic appearance. Moreover, follow-up endoscopies with biopsy after therapy initiation are usually recommended to assess response. Although previous reports of endoscopic ultrasonography findings in patients with EoE have shown diffuse thickening of the esophageal wall, including lamina propria, submucosa, and muscularis propria, its role in EoE remains uncertain and requires further investigation. Endoscopic dilation or bougienage is a safe and effective procedure that can be used in combination with medical and/or dietary elimination therapy in patients with esophageal stricture for the management of dysphagia and to prevent its recurrence.

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One-day low-residue diet is equally effective as the multiple-day low-residue diet in achieving adequate bowel cleansing: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: Raeni Dwi Putri, Fiki Amalia, Festy Aldina Utami, Yunisa Pamela, Mas Rizky A.A. Syamsunarno; Received March 11, 2024 Accepted August 8, 2024 Published online December 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.061 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Colonoscopy is widely used as a diagnostic and preventive procedure for colorectal diseases. The most recent guidelines advocate the use of a low-residue diet (LRD) for bowel preparation before colonoscopy. LRD duration varies considerably, with recommended 1-day and multiple-day regimens in clinical practice.
Methods
We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched multiple databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and analyzed the outcomes using a fixed-effects model.
Results
Six RCTs with 2,469 subjects were included in this study. The rates of adequate bowel preparation for 1-day and >1-day were 87.2% and 87.1%, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between the 1-day and >1-day LRD in adequate bowel preparation (odds ratio [OR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–1.41; p=0.84; I2=0%), polyp detection rate (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.76–1.09; p=0.29; I2=16%), adenoma detection rate (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71–1.08; p=0.21; I2=0%), and withdrawal time (mean difference, –0.01; 95% CI, –0.25 to 0.24; p=0.97; I2=63%).
Conclusions
The efficacy of 1-day and multiple-day LRD is comparable in achieving satisfactory bowel preparation, highlighting their similar impact on the detection of polyps and adenomas during colonoscopy.

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The impact of linked color imaging on adenoma detection rate in colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Bruna Haueisen Figueiredo Zwetkoff, Luiz Ronaldo Alberti, Fábio Gontijo Rodrigues, Nelson Carvas Junior, José Celso Ardengh, Otavio Micelli Neto, Fernando Rodrigues Guzman, Marcelo Morganti Ferreira Dias, Guilherme Camarotti de Oliveira Canejo, Carlos Eduardo Oliveira dos Santos; Received March 26, 2024 Accepted May 16, 2024 Published online October 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.072 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Colorectal cancer prevention relies on surveillance colonoscopy, with the adenoma detection rate as a key factor in examination quality. Linked color imaging (LCI) enhances lesion contrast and improves the examination performance. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of LCI on adenoma detection rate in adults who underwent colonoscopy.
Methods
We searched the Medline, PubMed, BIREME, LILACS, and Scientific Electronic Library Online databases for randomized controlled trials comparing the use of LCI versus white light (WL), published up to March 2023. The outcomes included lesion characteristics, number of adenomas per patient, and the additional polyp detection rate.
Results
Sixteen studies were included in the analysis, which showed that LCI was more accurate than WL in detecting adenomas, with an increased number of adenomas detected per patient. Although LCI performed well in terms of lesion size, morphology, and location, the subgroup analyses did not reveal any statistically significant differences between LCI and WL. The addition of LCI did not result in significant improvements in the detection of serrated lesions, and there were no differences in the withdrawal time between groups.
Conclusions
LCI has been shown to be effective in detecting colonic lesions, improving the number of adenomas detected per patient and improving polyp detection rate without negatively affecting other quality criteria in colonoscopy.

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Efficacy of endoscopic vacuum therapy in esophageal luminal defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Ishaan Vohra, Harishankar Gopakumar, Neil R. Sharma, Srinivas R. Puli; Received November 6, 2023 Accepted March 3, 2024 Published online October 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.282 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aim: Endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure (EVAC) is a novel technique used to repair esophageal perforation and leaks. Varying data have been reported on the overall success rate of EVAC. We aimed to conduct a metanalysis of the available data on the clinical success rate of EVAC.
Methods
Electronic databases were searched for publications addressing the efficacy of EVAC in esophageal luminal defects. Pooling was conducted using both fixed and random-effects models. The overall clinical success of EVAC therapy was considered the primary outcome, whereas, overall complication rates, need for adjunct therapy, and mortality were considered secondary outcomes.
Results
In total, 366 patients were included in the study. On pooled analysis, the mean age was 66 years with 68.32% of patients being men. Overall pooled clinical success rate of EVAC therapy was 87.95%. Upon subgroup analysis, the pooled clinical success rate of postsurgical anastomotic leak and transmural esophageal perforation were found to be 86.57% and 88.89%, respectively. The all-cause hospital mortality was 14% and 4.2% in patients with esophageal perforation and EVAC, respectively.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that EVAC therapy has a high overall clinical success rate, with low mortality. EVAC therapy seems to be a promising procedure with excellent outcomes in patients with luminal esophageal defects.

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Bowel preparation for small bowel capsule endoscopy: standard regimen with 2 L polyethylene glycol versus 1 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbate: Riccardo Caccia, Alessandro Rimondi, Luca Elli, Matilde Topa, Flaminia Cavallaro, Carmine Gentile, Lucia Scaramella, Nicoletta Nandi, Reena Sidhu, Pinhas Eidler, Maurizio Vecchi, Gian Eugenio Tontini; Received April 22, 2024 Accepted August 3, 2024 Published online January 2, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.097 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Optimization of bowel preparation for small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is debated. Guidelines recommend 2 L of iso-osmolar polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve SBCE visibility. We compared the efficacy of the standard 2 L PEG solution with a 1 L PEG plus ascorbate (PEG-ASC) preparation, which has already been established for large-bowel preparation.
Methods
Between October 2020 and February 2022, patients undergoing SBCE were assigned to receive 2 L PEG or 1 L PEG-ASC bowel preparation on an even- or odd-day basis. Bowel cleanliness was evaluated using the small bowel mucosal visibility scoring system (SBMVSS).
Results
Following propensity score matching using a random forest method, two comparable populations of patients treated with 2 L PEG (n=74, male 41%, 53±17 years) and 1 L PEG-ASC (n=74, male 42%, 55±21 years) were obtained from the original cohort of 221 consecutive SBCE patients. Our results showed a trend towards more frequent adequate mucosal visibility with 1 L PEG-ASC compared to 2 L PEG (small bowel mucosal visibility ≥2 in all three small bowel tertiles, p=0.07), as per the SBMVSS score. No significant differences were observed in the diagnostic yield (p=1.00), visibility score=9 (p=0.85), SBCE completeness (p=0.33), or adequate mucosal visibility in each tertile (p=0.61, p=0.74, and p=0.70 for the first, second, and third tertiles, respectively).
Conclusions
Our study suggests the non-inferiority of the 1 L PEG-ASC solution over the standard 2 L PEG for SBCE preparation.

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In-room cytologic evaluation by trained endosonographer for determination of procedure end in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy of solid pancreatic lesions: a prospective study in Taiwan: Weng-Fai Wong, Yu-Ting Kuo, Wern-Cherng Cheng, Chia-Tung Shun, Ming-Lun Han, Chieh-Chang Chen, Hsiu-Po Wang; Received May 30, 2024 Accepted August 5, 2024 Published online December 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.143 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) is an essential tool for tissue acquisition in solid pancreatic tumors. Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) by cytologists ensures diagnostic accuracy. However, the universal application of the ROSE is limited by its availability. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of determining the end of the procedure based on the results of in-room cytological evaluation by trained endosonographers (IRCETE).
Methods
A training course focusing on the cytological interpretation of common pancreatic tumors was provided to the three endosonographers. After training, the decision to terminate EUS-FNB was made based on IRCETE results. The diagnostic accuracy, concordance rate of diagnostic categories, and sample adequacy were compared with those determined by board-certified cytologists and macroscopic on-site evaluation (MOSE).
Results
We enrolled 65 patients with solid pancreatic tumors, most of whom were malignant (86.2%). The diagnostic accuracy was 90.8% when the end of the procedure was determined based on IRCETE, compared to 87.7% and 98.5% when determined by MOSE and cytologists, respectively (p=0.060). Based on the cytologists’ results, the accuracy of IRCETE in diagnostic category interpretation was 97.3%.
Conclusions
In the absence of ROSE, IRCETE can serve as a supplementary alternative to MOSE in determining the end of tissue sampling with a high accuracy rate.

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Flexible endoscopic treatment of Zenker’s diverticulum: a retrospective study in a single center from Turkey: Kerem Kenarli, Bülent Ödemiş; Received June 30, 2024 Accepted August 15, 2024 Published online December 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.180 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: We aimed to contribute to the literature by sharing the findings of patients treated by cricopharyngeal myotomy with a flexible endoscopic septal division.
Methods
This retrospective study included patients with Zenker’s diverticulum who underwent cricopharyngeal myotomy with a traditional flexible endoscopic septal division at our center. Clinical success was defined as a significant reduction in dysphagia score, and relapse was defined as an increase in dysphagia score occurring at any time over 1 month after the procedure.
Results
Fifteen patients with symptomatic Zenker’s diverticulum were treated with 16 cricopharyngeal myotomies. A dysphagia score of 100% indicated clinical success, but three (20%) of the patients experienced recurrence during follow-up.
Conclusions
While advances in interventional flexible endoscopy have opened doors for novel treatments, cricopharyngeal myotomy based on traditional flexible endoscopic septal division remains a reliable approach for treating Zenker’s diverticulum.

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Effect of antithrombotic therapies on small bowel bleeding: an European multicenter retrospective study: Lucia Scaramella, Stefania Chetcuti Zammit, Reena Sidhu, Maurizio Vecchi, Gian Eugenio Tontini, Nicoletta Nandi, Matilde Topa, Luca Elli; Received March 26, 2024 Accepted July 1, 2024 Published online December 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.073 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Small bowel bleeding (SBB) is the main indication for videocapsule endoscopy (VCE); the diagnostic yield (DY) could be influenced by antithrombotic therapies. We explored the effects of these therapies on SBB.
Methods
Consecutive patients from two centers (Milan, Italy and Sheffield, UK) who underwent VCE between March 2001 and July 2020 were considered. Demographic data, clinical parameters, drug therapy, and technical characteristics of the procedure were collected. VCE findings and DY were evaluated.
Results
In total, 957 patients (1,052 VCEs) underwent VCE for SBB (DY 50.6%, no retention); 27 patients (27 VCEs) received direct oral anticoagulants, 87 (88 VCEs) received other anticoagulants, 115 (135 VCEs) received antiplatelet therapy, 198 (218 VCEs) received monotherapy, and 31 (32 VCEs) received combined therapy. There were no differences in the completion rate, findings, and DYs between each subgroup or between monotherapy and combined therapy. The overt bleeding rate was similar in all groups, even when comparing antithrombotic users versus those not on therapy (p=0.59) or monotherapy versus combined therapy (p=0.34).
Conclusions
VCE is safe and has a high clinical impact on SBB. Antithrombotic therapies did not affect DY or overt bleeding rate and, consequently, can be considered safe in terms of SBB risk.

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Factors influencing lateral margin diagnosis challenges in Barrett’s esophageal cancer: a bicenter retrospective study in Japan: Ippei Tanaka, Shuhei Unno, Kazuki Yamamoto, Yoshitaka Nawata, Kimihiro Igarashi, Tomoki Matsuda, Dai Hirasawa; Received March 28, 2024 Accepted June 4, 2024 Published online November 11, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.068 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: We aimed to clarify the clinicopathological characteristics and causes of Barrett’s esophageal adenocarcinoma (BEA) with unclear demarcation.
Methods
We reviewed BEA cases between January 2010 and August 2022. The lesions were classified into the following two groups: clear demarcation (CD group) and unclear demarcation (UD group). We compared the clinicopathological findings between the two groups. Furthermore, we measured the length and width of the foveolar structures, as well as the width of marginal crypt epithelium (MCE).
Results
We analyzed data from 68 patients with BEA, including 47 and 21 in the CD and UD groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed long-segment Barrett’s esophagus (LSBE) as the sole significant risk factor for BEA (odds ratio, 12.17; 95% confidence interval, 2.84–47.6; p=0.001). Regarding pathological analysis, significant differences were observed in the length and width of the foveolar structure between cancerous and surrounding mucosa in the CD group (p=0.03 and p=0.00, respectively); however, no significant difference was observed in the UD group (p=0.53 and p=0.72, respectively). Nevertheless, the width of MCE in the cancerous area was significantly shorter than that in the surrounding mucosa in both groups (p<0.05, and p<0.05, respectively).
Conclusions
LSBE is a significant risk factor for BEA in the UD group. The width of MCE may be an important factor in the endoscopic diagnosis of BEA.

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Efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy for biliary drainage in hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study from Japan: Kenneth Tachi, Kazuo Hara, Nozomi Okuno, Shin Haba, Takamichi Kuwahara, Toshitaka Fukui, Ahmed Mohammed Sadek, Hossam El-Din Shaaban Mahmoud Ibrahim, Minako Urata, Takashi Kondo, Yoshitaro Yamamoto; Received April 2, 2024 Accepted July 29, 2024 Published online November 11, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.079 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Biliary obstruction drainage in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with symptom palliation, improved access to chemotherapy, and improved survival. Stent placement and exchange via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography biliary drainage risk traversing the HCC, a hypervascular tumor and causing bleeding. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) potentially prevents procedure-related bleeding. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of EUS-HGS as an alternative treatment for biliary obstruction in patients with HCC.
Methods
This was a retrospective study of all EUS-HGS procedures performed in patients with HCC at the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Japan, from February 2017 to August 2023.
Results
A total of 14 EUS-HGS procedures (42.9% primary) were attempted in 10 HCC patients (mean age 71.5 years, 80.0% male). Clinical and technical success rates were 92.9% and 90.9%, respectively. The observed procedure details in the 13 successful procedures included B3 puncture (53.8%), 22-G needle (53.8%), fully covered self-expandable metal stent (100%), and mean procedure time (32.7 minutes). There was no bleeding. Mild complications occurred in 27.3%. All patients resumed oral intake within 24 hours.
Conclusions
EUS-HGS is a technically feasible and clinically effective initial or salvage drainage option for the treatment of biliary obstruction in patients with HCC.

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Improved visibility of palisade vessels within Barrett’s esophagus using red dichromatic imaging: a retrospective cross-sectional study in Japan: Chise Ueda, Shinwa Tanaka, Tetsuya Yoshizaki, Hirofumi Abe, Masato Kinoshita, Hiroya Sakaguchi, Hiroshi Takayama, Hitomi Hori, Ryosuke Ishida, Shinya Houki, Hiroshi Tanabe, Eri Nishikawa, Madoka Takao, Toshitatsu Takao, Yoshinori Morita, Takashi Toyonaga, Yuzo Kodama; Received May 13, 2024 Accepted August 8, 2024 Published online November 11, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.122 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Visualization of palisade vessels (PVs) in Barrett’s esophagus is crucial for proper assessment. This study aimed to determine whether red dichromatic imaging (RDI) improves PV visibility compared with white-light imaging (WLI) and narrow-band imaging (NBI).
Methods
Five expert and trainee endoscopists evaluated the PV visibility in Barrett’s esophagus using WLI, NBI, and RDI on 66 images from 22 patients. Visibility was rated on a 4-point scale: 4, excellent; 3, good; 2, fair; and 1, poor. The color difference between the most recognizable PV spots and surrounding areas with undetectable blood vessels was also analyzed.
Results
Mean visibility scores were 2.6±0.7, 2.3±0.6, and 3.4±0.4 for WLI, NBI, and RDI, respectively. The RDI scores were significantly higher than the WLI (p<0.001) and NBI (p<0.001) scores. These differences were recognized by trainees and expert endoscopists. Color differences in PVs were 7.74±4.96 (WLI), 10.43±5.09 (NBI), and 15.1±6.54 (RDI). The difference in RDI was significantly higher than that in WLI (p<0.001) and NBI (p=0.006).
Conclusions
RDI significantly improved PV visibility compared to WLI and NBI based on objective and subjective measures.

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Effectiveness of a novel ex vivo training model for gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection training: a prospective observational study conducted at a single center in Japan: Takahito Toba, Tsuyoshi Ishii, Nobuyuki Sato, Akira Nogami, Aya Hojo, Ryo Shimizu, Ai Fujimoto, Takahisa Matsuda; Received April 30, 2024 Accepted June 3, 2024 Published online November 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.108 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: The efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early-stage gastric cancer is well established. However, its acquisition is challenging owing to its complexity. In Japan, G-Master is a novel ex vivo gastric ESD training model. The effectiveness of training using G-Master is unknown. This study evaluated the efficacy of gastric ESD training using the G-Master to evaluate trainees’ learning curves and performance.
Methods
Four trainees completed 30 ESD training sessions using the G-Master, and procedure time, resection area, resection completion, en-bloc resection requirement, and perforation occurrence were measured. Resection speed was the primary endpoint, and learning curves were evaluated using the Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) method.
Results
All trainees completed the resection and en-bloc resection of the lesion without any intraoperative perforations. The learning curves covered three phases: initial growth, plateau, and late growth. The transition from phase 1 to phase 2 required a median of 10 sessions. Each trainee completed 30 training sessions in approximately 4 months.
Conclusions
Gastric ESD training using the G-Master is a simple, fast, and effective method for pre-ESD training in clinical practice. It is recommended that at least 10 training sessions be conducted.

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Short-term outcome of endoscopic submucosal dissection using a clutch cutter for subepithelial lesions within the esophagogastric submucosa: a Japanese prospective observational study: Kazuya Akahoshi, Kazuki Inamura, Kazuaki Akahoshi, Shigeki Osada, Shinichi Tamura, Yoshihiro Oishi, Masafumi Oya, Hidenobu Koga; Received April 21, 2024 Accepted June 10, 2024 Published online October 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.094 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: The efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection using a clutch cutter (ESD-CC) for subepithelial lesions within the esophagogastric submucosa (SELEGSM) has not been investigated. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of ESD-CC for the treatment of SELEGSM.
Methods
This prospective study included 15 consecutive patients with 18 SELEGSMs diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasonography. The primary outcomes were short-term outcomes including en bloc resection rate, R0 resection rate, procedure time, and complication rate. The secondary outcome was final histological diagnosis.
Results
Among the participants, 18 lesions were identified: 12 in the stomach (nine patients) and six in the esophagus (six patients). The en bloc resection rate was 94.4% (17/18). The R0 resection rate was 88.9% (16/18). The median operating time was 39 min, and no instances of perforation or bleeding were observed. The final diagnoses of SELEGSM included six neuroendocrine tumors (33.3%), six granular cell tumors (33.3%), two ectopic pancreases (11.1%), one inflammatory fibroid polyp (5.6%), one leiomyoma (5.6%), one lipoma (5.6%), and one leiomyosarcoma (5.6%).
Conclusions
ESD-CC appears to be a technically efficient and safe approach for SELEGSM resection, suggesting its potential as a valuable treatment option.

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Safety and efficacy of trans-afferent loop endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreaticojejunostomy for post pancreaticoduodenectomy anastomotic stricture using the forward-viewing echoendoscope: a retrospective study from Japan: Ahmed Sadek, Kazuo Hara, Nozomi Okuno, Shin Haba, Takamichi Kuwahara, Toshitaka Fukui, Minako Urata, Takashi Kondo, Yoshitaro Yamamoto, Kenneth Tachi; Received April 12, 2024 Accepted May 31, 2024 Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.089 [Epub ahead of print]

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Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided pancreatic duct drainage is a well-established procedure for managing pancreaticojejunostomy anastomotic strictures (PJAS) post-Whipple surgery. In this study, we examined the effectiveness and safety of EUS-guided pancreaticojejunostomy (EUS-PJS).
Methods
This retrospective, single-arm study was performed at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital on 10 patients who underwent EUS-guided pancreaticojejunostomy through the afferent jejunal loop using a forward-viewing echoendoscope when endoscopic retrograde pancreatography failed. Our primary endpoint was technical success rate, defined as successful stent insertion. The secondary endpoints were early and late adverse events.
Results
A total of 10 patients underwent EUS-PJS between February 2019 and October 2023. The technical success rate was 100%. The median procedure time was 23.5 minutes. No remarkable early or late adverse events related to the procedure, except for fever, occurred in two patients. The median follow-up duration was 9.5 months, and the median number of stent exchanges was two. A stent-free state was achieved in three patients.
Conclusions
EUS-PJS for PJAS management after pancreaticoduodenectomy appears to be an effective and safe procedure with the potential advantages of fewer reinterventions and the creation of a permanent drainage fistula.

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Transanastomotic Forward-Viewing EUS-Guided Pancreatic Duct Drainage via Afferent Loop for Pancreaticojejunostomy Anastomotic Stricture After Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Tadahisa Inoue, Rena Kitano, Tomoya Kitada, Kazumasa Sakamoto, Satoshi Kimoto, Jun Arai, Kiyoaki Ito
Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-guided biliary drainage for distal malignant biliary obstruction due to pancreatic cancer with asymptomatic duodenal invasion: a retrospective, single-center study in Japan: Naminatsu Takahara, Yousuke Nakai, Kensaku Noguchi, Tatsunori Suzuki, Tatsuya Sato, Ryunosuke Hakuta, Kazunaga Ishigaki, Tomotaka Saito, Tsuyoshi Hamada, Mitsuhiro Fujishiro; Received February 14, 2024 Accepted May 13, 2024 Published online August 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.031 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Duodenal invasion (DI) is a risk factor for early recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-guided biliary drainage (ERCP-BD). Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) may reduce early RBO in cases of asymptomatic DI, even when ERCP is possible.
Methods
We enrolled 56 patients with pancreatic cancer and asymptomatic DI who underwent EUS-HGS (n=25) or ERCP-BD (n=31). Technical and clinical success, early (<3 months) and overall RBO rates, time to RBO (TRBO), and adverse events (AEs) were compared between the EUS-HGS and ERCP-BD groups. Risk factors for early RBO were also evaluated.
Results
Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. Both procedures demonstrated 100% technical and clinical success rates, with a similar incidence of AE (48% vs. 39%, p=0.59). While the median TRBO was comparable (5.7 vs. 8.8 months, p=0.60), EUS-HGS was associated with a lower incidence of early RBO compared to ERCP-BD (8% vs. 29%, p=0.09). The major causes of early RBO in ERCP-BD were sludge and food impaction, rarely occurring in EUS-HGS. EUS-HGS was potentially reduced early RBO (odds ratio, 0.32; p=0.07).
Conclusions
EUS-HGS can be a viable option for treating pancreatic cancer with asymptomatic DI.

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Effectiveness of a novel artificial intelligence-assisted colonoscopy system for adenoma detection: a prospective, propensity score-matched, non-randomized controlled study in Korea: Jung-Bin Park, Jung Ho Bae; Received June 24, 2024 Accepted July 21, 2024 Published online August 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.168 [Epub ahead of print]

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Background
/Aims: The real-world effectiveness of computer-aided detection (CADe) systems during colonoscopies remains uncertain. We assessed the effectiveness of the novel CADe system, ENdoscopy as AI-powered Device (ENAD), in enhancing the adenoma detection rate (ADR) and other quality indicators in real-world clinical practice.
Methods
We enrolled patients who underwent elective colonoscopies between May 2022 and October 2022 at a tertiary healthcare center. Standard colonoscopy (SC) was compared to ENAD-assisted colonoscopy. Eight experienced endoscopists performed the procedures in randomly assigned CADe- and non-CADe-assisted rooms. The primary outcome was a comparison of ADR between the ENAD and SC groups.
Results
A total of 1,758 sex- and age-matched patients were included and evenly distributed into two groups. The ENAD group had a significantly higher ADR (45.1% vs. 38.8%, p=0.010), higher sessile serrated lesion detection rate (SSLDR) (5.7% vs. 2.5%, p=0.001), higher mean number of adenomas per colonoscopy (APC) (0.78±1.17 vs. 0.61±0.99; incidence risk ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.42), and longer withdrawal time (9.0±3.4 vs. 8.3±3.1, p<0.001) than the SC group. However, the mean withdrawal times were not significantly different between the two groups in cases where no polyps were detected (6.9±1.7 vs. 6.7±1.7, p=0.058).
Conclusions
ENAD-assisted colonoscopy significantly improved the ADR, APC, and SSLDR in real-world clinical practice, particularly for smaller and nonpolypoid adenomas.

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Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Polyp Size and Surveillance Colonoscopy: A Phantom Study
Muhammad N Yousaf, Neal Sharma, Michelle L Matteson-Kome, Srinivas Puli, Douglas Nguyen, Matthew L Bechtold
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Edge Artificial Intelligence Device in Real-Time Endoscopy for Classification of Gastric Neoplasms: Development and Validation Study
Eun Jeong Gong, Chang Seok Bang, Jae Jun Lee
Biomimetics.2024; 9(12): 783. CrossRef

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Potential of 6-mm-diameter fully covered self-expandable metal stents for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction: a propensity score-matched study: Daiki Yamashige, Susumu Hijioka, Yoshikuni Nagashio, Yuta Maruki, Soma Fukuda, Shin Yagi, Kohei Okamoto, Hidenobu Hara, Yuya Hagiwara, Daiki Agarie, Tetsuro Takasaki, Akihiro Ohba, Shunsuke Kondo, Chigusa Morizane, Hideki Ueno, Miyuki Sone, Yutaka Saito, Takuji Okusaka; Received February 23, 2024 Accepted April 2, 2024 Published online July 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.044 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: To date, only thinner-diameter metal stents have been evaluated for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction (UR-MDBO). This study investigated the outcomes and optimal cohorts for a 6-mm-diameter fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) compared with those for a 10-mm-diameter FCSEMS.
Methods
This single-center retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent initial transpapillary metal stenting for UR-MDBO. Propensity score matching (1:1) analysis was performed.
Results
Of 133/68 patients who underwent 6-mm/10-mm-diameter FCSEMS deployment, 59 in each group were selected. The median time to recurrent biliary obstruction was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.46). In contrast, use of the 6-mm-diameter FCSEMS resulted in a significantly reduced incidence of stent-related adverse events (AEs) (p=0.016), especially cholecystitis (p=0.032), and patients aged <70 years were particularly affected by this significant reduction. Among the patients in the end-stage cohort who were unable to continue chemotherapy after FCSEMS deployment, the free rate of stent-related events, including recurrent biliary obstruction and stent-related AEs, was significantly higher in the 6-mm group (p=0.027).
Conclusions
For UR-MDBO, a 6-mm-diameter FCSEMS can be an optimal and safe option in the younger cohort with a relatively high risk of AEs and in the end-stage cohort requiring safer drainage without interference from stent-related events during times of poor prognosis.

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Refractory duodenal ulcer caused by portal stent graft exposure: Gil Ho Lee, Choong-Kyun Noh, Kee Myung Lee; Received August 27, 2024 Accepted October 1, 2024 Published online January 14, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.232 [Epub ahead of print]

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Delayed gastric emptying and microorganisms in tetrads: Maxine Andrea Garcia, Enrik John Aguila, Ma Regina Dimaculangan, Ian Homer Cua; Received May 25, 2024 Accepted June 8, 2024 Published online November 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.137 [Epub ahead of print]

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Comparison of peroral endoscopic myotomy, laparoscopic Heller myotomy, and pneumatic dilation for patients with achalasia: a United States national experience: Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Bhanu Siva Mohan Pinnam, Saurabh Chandan, Hassam Ali, Manesh Kumar Gangwani, Amir Humza Sohail, Dennis Yang, Amit Rastogi; Received April 28, 2024 Accepted August 5, 2024 Published online December 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.103 [Epub ahead of print]

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Modified submucosal tunneling by blunt dissection for peroral endoscopic myotomy: Yusuke Hashimoto, Kuniyo Gomi, Bruno De Souza Ribeiro; Received January 10, 2024 Accepted March 3, 2024 Published online August 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.011 [Epub ahead of print]

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Endoscopic resection utilizing bilateral endoscopies for complete membranous anastomotic closure: Jianchang Wei, Ping Yang, Shanqi Zeng, Jie Cao, Tong Zhang; Received April 30, 2024 Accepted June 19, 2024 Published online August 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.100 [Epub ahead of print]

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An enigmatic enteroscopic image in a patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Tommaso Pessarelli, Beatrice Marinoni, Anna Maria Ierardi, Gian Eugenio Tontini; Received May 28, 2024 Accepted June 11, 2024 Published online September 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.138 [Epub ahead of print]

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